Extra Curricular Activities

Megan Gilmore Mrs. Jones AP English 11 January 30, 2012 Students’ Behavior and Extra Curricular Activities Over the course of my high school career, I have encountered many different types of people and have learned that the opinions of each are as varied as the individuals they correspond with. Every single one has his or her own perception about staying after school for a multitude of reasons and activities. Some, like me, have a stronger opinion than others. I maintain the belief that, when a student stays after school, he not only experiences benefits mentally but also physically.A number of researchers have questioned, hypothesized, and examined the effects of after-school activities on children’s health as well as on their grades. Studies have been completed over the past few decades, and many interesting facts have been discovered. One example being â€Å"a big increase in the number of school children participating in after-school programs: 8. 4 million youngst ers compared with 6. 5 million in 2004,† according to Home Alone. This dramatic increase in the number of students staying after school can be the result of several things.One possibility is that transportation is readily available to the students if a parent or guardian is unable to pick up the child. Students could also be coming to the realization that staying after school gives them energy to go home and actually finish the homework that was assigned. For example, let’s say that a student loves playing basketball but the school doesn’t offer a team. This student is missing out on the opportunity to exercise both his body and his mind. Now if the school did offer a basketball team and the student joined, every time he had to stay after to practice, he stimulates his body, which includes his brain.Then, when practice was over, he would have the energy and brain stimulation to finish his homework. When choosing a school for their children, many parents have to t ake into consideration the charges for education, in addition to any fees for participation in an after-school program. In fact, cost is one of the major factors that play into the reasons why parents keep children from participating in after-school functions. Costs can include actual charges for the program, either in time or dollars, and expenses incurred for providing transportation.However, according to Home Alone, â€Å"After-school programs are a cost-effective way to boost student achievement, reduce juvenile crime and help overstressed working parents. † Yes, if parents pick up their children from the school, the expenditure for gas money is less than the outlay to pay a babysitter every day or to arrange weekly accommodations at a daycare center for watching the children. A more constructive alternative would be to let them stay at school to either continue their education or play a sport to release built up stress; then parents could just pick them up on their way h ome from work.Now there are some parents that, even if they have the time or money, will not let their children stay after school. Reasons for this include not wanting to expose the children to the delinquents that have to stay for detention afterwards. Some even say that playing sports will distract children from his/her studies because the student will focus on the game and not the school work. According to Bill Varian, â€Å"Students involved in extracurricular activities receive better grades than those who are not involved in extracurricular activities. In addition, activities improve the overall student.Therefore, they help students to receive better grades by teaching them character building lessons, teaching them lifelong skills, saving some at-risk students who would possibly drop out of school, and helping students develop social skills. † We can reasonably ascertain, then, that after-school activities not only help children grow and develop now, but participating i n the undertakings also prepare them for a better, more fulfilling future. Another major factor that plays a role is the effect that the programs would have on a student’s life.Each and every student has a different life when he/she leaves school. Some have to go to work to help their parents pay the bills, while others can sit back and relax while a butler makes a snack, finishes their homework, and cleans the house. I have even seen some children go home to parents who think the child was a mistake and want nothing to do with him/her. According to Lee Shumow, â€Å"The children that are the most prone to actually gaining anything, in particular educational achievement, from after-school programs are the ones from high-risk backgrounds.Although, children that come from these backgrounds are the ones to have the least availability to the programs. † Many of the children that are classified in the high-risk background are the ones that people think will be the troublema kers in the community. But, if you take these children off the streets and keep them after school a few extra hours a day, they can develop bonds with other children so that ultimately they will stay away from drugs, alcohol, weapons, and the people who would tempt them to encounter and develop such habits.According to Mary Rombokas, including high-risk children in after-school activities â€Å"lessens the number of disciplinary problems later down the line. † Some parents turn to the school to provide a â€Å"day care† in essence. So that if the parents are not home, then they can let the children stay at school a few extra hours so that they don’t have to worry about leaving them at home. According to Home Alone â€Å"In 2009, over 15. 1 million children were left home alone and unsupervised after the school day had finished. This is more than a quarter of America’s school children and an 800,000 increase from 2004.These statistics includes 4 percent o f elementary and 30 percent of middle school students. † Many of these parents more than likely don’t like leaving their children at home, but they have no other choice; it may be the only thing they can do unless more programs became available to students. â€Å"Parents of 18. 5 million students say they would enroll their children in an after-school program if one were available. These numbers represent a hugely missed opportunity. A majority of publicly financed after-school programs serve low-income students.They offer help with schoolwork, sports activities, and other enrichment known to translate into improved school attendance and higher graduation rates and lower rates of teenage pregnancy, drinking, delinquency and drug use,† according to Home Alone. I realize that there are some parents who, no matter how much documentation is provided, will never change their minds about allowing their children to stay after school. However, there are alternative optio ns for their children to having them staying on school grounds after the school day has ended.Some students have the buses drop them off at facilities that will look after the children and have them play games or do homework in groups so that social skills can be developed. In addition, playing sports or group games help the children use their mental abilities by having them think on their feet so that later in life they will be able to overcome a problem not only with better results but also more quickly. Many of these places cost little to no money at all. Some parents may want to personally take some time to play or work with their children.There are places available to help them in their endeavors. Almost every community has a center called the YMCA. For a nominal fee, parents can share a variety of activities with their children. Or, if a student is having difficulties in school that a parent cannot help with, older children can provide tutoring while the parents work out in an other room. In a case like this, both sides benefit. Works Cited â€Å"Home Alone. † New York Times. 20 Oct. 2009: A30(L). Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. Lee, Shumow. â€Å"Academic Effects of After-School Programs. Champaign, IL:ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Print. Narine, Shari. â€Å"Federal funding for after school program. † Alberta SweetgrassOct. 2010: 6. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. O’Dea, James. â€Å"The Effect of Extra-Curricular Activities on AcademicAchievement. † Drake University; 1994. Print. Varian, Bill. â€Å"Kid programs returning; Commissioners agree to draw up a plan forafter school programs in 18 more parks. † St. Petersburg Times[St. Petersburg, FL] 25 Aug. 2011: 1B. Infotrac Newsstand. Web. 5 Jan. 2012.

The Beatles Influence on Rock-and-Roll

The Beatles are one of the most innovative rock bands of all time. They have not only changed the way rock and roll is looked at, but also the way that the music is recorded. They have influenced the artists of the 60s and the 70s, and also many generations later and to come. Originating from Liverpool, England, the Beatles, or the Fab Four, consists of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Topping the charts in ’63 with â€Å"Love Me Do,† and bringing in the highest rated viewing in history while performing on the Ed Sullivan Show, the Beatles are definitely a band that broke the sound barrier of rock and roll.They used unique sounds in their music and weren’t afraid of experimenting in the studio, they even welcomed accidental occurrences and toyed around to get the sound they were looking for. Artificial double tracking was invented during the recording of their album Revolver and also a new technique on miking strings. They paved the way for other British Bands in America and even had full-blown imitators, like the Monkees, that copied everything from their look, to the spelling error in their name, and their campaign. They also helped create a whole new genre of music called folk rock.Their influence is still seen in today’s musicians, such as the band Oasis, who compare their music constantly to the Beatles. The Beatles Influence on Rock-and-Roll â€Å"The impact of the Beatles – not only on rock and roll but on Western culture – is simply incalculable. As musicians, they proved that rock and roll could embrace a limitless variety of harmonies, structures and sounds; virtually every rock experiment has some precedent on Beatles records. † Said by the Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll, could not be any more wrong.The Beatles had a huge impact on not just rock and roll, but music as a whole, as well as influencing the technology used to record their music. They weren’ t afraid of experimenting and instead of producing music they produced art. Their influence is seen all over the world, but no one has come close to the fame that was Beatlemania. The Beatles originated from Liverpool, England and consists of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They first started playing shows in Hamburg, Germany as a skiffle band in 1960.In 1962 they released their first single â€Å"Love Me Do,† which reached the number one spot on U. S. charts in May of ’63. Their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in February of ’64 brought in over 73 million viewers, the most in U. S. history. By April 1964, they held the first five places in the Billboard Hot 100. The Beatles were one of the biggest influences on music during the 60s and 70s. Their music, to this day, remains more widely known than any other music of the rock era. They have brought new sounds and ideas in their music and revolutionized the idea of rock and roll.Their work was always invested with originality, using unique sounds in their music, which is most dramatically seen in Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. They used many studio effects on this album, including reverberation, echoes, and reverse tape effects. They experimented with sounds that no other bands used, and had great success with it. They created their own material, breaking the Tin Pan monopoly of song writing, setting in motion revolutionary changes in the music publishing industry. They wrote songs for fellow artists and even encouraged the Rolling Stones to write their own music. The Beatles were the first group to use the recording studio as a writing tool, building up complex song arrangements by multi-tracking and importing orchestral textures and avant-garde effects under the guidance of producer George Martin† (Glassman).In Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, instead of using traditional breaks in between songs, one tracked merged i nto the next, which were linked by studio talk, laughter, electronic noises, and animal sounds. They also used audio tricks involving steam organs, orchestras, sitars, and even a pack of foxhounds in full cry at the end of â€Å"Good Morning, Good Morning. The use of animal sounds were actually first used in the Beach Boys album Pet Sounds that the Beatles admired. When asked the Beach Boys where they got their innovation for Pet Sounds, the Beatles Rubber Soul album was what inspired them. â€Å"A Day In The Life,† the last song on the album, featured â€Å"what Lennon described as ‘a sound building up from nothing to the end of the world’† (Lazarescu). The song â€Å"Strawberry Fields Forever† fused two different versions of the same song and used reverse-tape cellos for an eerie effect.After George Harrison used sitar on the song â€Å"Norwegian Wood,† other bands like the Byrds, Yardbirds, and the Rolling Stones, soon followed incorporat ing Eastern-influence sounds into their work. Paul McCartney once said, â€Å"We would say, ‘Try it! Just try it for us. If it sounds crappy, OK, we’ll lose it. But it might just sound good. ’ We were always pushing ahead: Louder, further, longer, more different† (â€Å"All About Jazz†). The Beatles had complete access to Abbey Road studios free of charge, spending hours upon hours experimenting and writing music.They used the studio as an instrument in itself. They were the first band to push musical and technological boundaries. They took advantage of accidental occurrences in the recording process. You can see this in â€Å"I Feel Fine† where there is feedback and also in â€Å"Long, Long, Long† where there is a resonating glass bottle. They also deliberately toyed with situations and techniques that would further chance effects. An example of this is in â€Å"I am the Walrus,† where they used a live mixing of a UK radio broa dcast into the fade of the song, and also the chaotic assemblage of â€Å"Tomorrow Never Knows. Ken Townsend invented artificial double tracking (ADT) during the recording of Revolver because Lennon didn’t like singing a song twice. ADT is still widely used for instruments and voices; however, it is now mostly known as automatic double tracking. Other influences the Beatles had on technology were the use of close miking the strings by engineer Geoff Emerick when recording. In 1966 that was a radically new way of miking strings, and now it is common practice. The Beatles were also the firsts to use direct injection to record McCartney’s bass on Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.This is done by connecting the bass to the recording console via an impedance matching DI box. The Beatles paved the way for other British bands in America. The Beatles were the first British group to break into America and since the Beatles were able to have fame in the US, they gave other British bands the possibility of making it in America. Such bands were Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, and the Searchers, who were all also managed by Brian Epstein. Other British bands that followed the Beatles were the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Yardbirds.The Rolling Stones had a raunchier dirty bad boy look, different then the clean-cut look of the Beatles. As the 1970s began, you can see the Beatles influence in artists like Elton John and Pink Floyd. In America, the most blatant imitators of the Beatles were the Monkees, who even calculatedly misspelled the name just like the Beatles. The Monkees were four actors portraying longhaired whimsical musicians; however, their music was actually performed by studio musicians. They copied the Beatles to a tee, including their campaign.Before the Beatles came to the US, their manager Brian Epstein had Capital Records spend $50,000 on a campaign, plastering posters all over the country stating, â⠂¬Å"The Beatles Are Coming,† and gave disc jockeys records of interviews with the Beatles to feel like they were actually making personalized interviews. For the Monkees, â€Å"The band’s label spent $100,000 on an ad campaign that involved seventy-six advance men, who distributed thousands of posters proclaiming ‘The Monkees Are Coming’ and provided preview records to 6,000 disc jockeys† (Szatmary 125).After the assassination of President John Kennedy, the whole country was at a low point and the Beatles brought them back to happier times, especially the folk artists. A lot of folk artists felt like the protest was over after Kennedy was killed. Kennedy was making a change in the country, but after his death, they felt like there was no more fight left in them. Bob Dylan, one of the major folk musicians of the era, just gave it all away and went towards the more electrified sounds of the Beatles.Gene Clark, who at the time was part of the folk group the New Christy Minstrels, was on tour when he first heard the Beatles song â€Å"She Loves You. † â€Å"I must have played it 40 times in the two days the New Christy Minstrels were playing that town,’ he later enthused. ‘I knew, I knew that this was the future† (Szatmary 140). Gene Clark later quit the New Christy Minstrels and formed his own band with Roger McGuinn and a few other former folk musicians. They called themselves the Byrds, misspelling it to emulate the spelling error in the Beatles.They combined Dylanese folk, vocal harmonies and Beatles music to create folk rock. Other folk bands that switched to folk rock were the Turtles, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, and Scotland’s folk singer Donovan Leitch, which Paul McCartney was featured singing with him on his song â€Å"Mellow Yellow. † One other band was Lovin’ Spoonful who owed their debt to Dylan and none other than the Beatles. When new wave and punk music started in th e late 1970s, their sound and style could still be heard in artists like the Squeeze, the Police, and Elvis Costello. Their music has spoken not only to its own time but to every generation since† (Campbell, Brody 168). In the late 1980s a new style of music called â€Å"baggy† originated from Manchester. The musical devotees sported Bealte-esque haircuts and drew heavily on the 1960s. They fused Beatles psychedelic with electronic elements taken from the simultaneously developing acid house scene. You can see the Beatles influence in the guitar style and song arrangements of the Stone Roses, guitarist John Squire cited them as one of his main influences.The mid 90s saw a whole new host of Beatles influenced bands. The band Cast, which was formed by guitarist John Powers in 1994, has Lennon-esque vocals and memorable songs, which are still reaping the rewards. In 1995 a Liverpool band called the Boo Radleys had both the Beatles pop and psychedelic styles. Songwriter/gui tarist Martin Carr told Melody Maker in 1994 that, â€Å"There's never been a time when they haven't been a part of my life† (Glassman). The Gallagher brothers, who formed the group Oasis, lived and breathed the Beatles.They even named dropped the Beatles whenever they could in interviews. They would write their own melodies and then arrange them in a Bealte-esque style, but with a rocky, attitude-dowsed edge. â€Å"It's beyond an obsession. It's an ideal for living. I don't even know how to justify it to myself. With every song that I write, I compare it to The Beatles,’ Noel Gallagher told Q in 1996† (Glassman). Of the eight years that were the Beatles, no band has received more attention from fans, musicians, and scholars. Their music tells us more about the sixties than any other band.Their influence is seen in music and even the technology used to record music. From their first album Please Please Me (1963) all the way to their last album Hey Jude (1970), n o band has seen such a diverse selection of songs, going from retro one minute to folk-influenced the next. With their use of experimentation, they have opened a whole new door to the way rock is heard, converting even folk musicians, like the Byrds, to their style of music. You can still hear their inspiration in music even in today’s bands such as Oasis. Yet no one has seemed to copy the sound that was the Beatles.

Linkage Between Capital Market Development and Economic Growth Essay

The capital market is an integral part of the financial system that provides efficient delivery mechanism for mobilization and allocation, management and distribution of long-term fund (Sunday O. E. Ewah and Judey Bassey). The capital market is a market for long-term debt and equity securities, where business enterprise and government can raise fund for long-term investments. It is normally divided into two broad categories: the stock market and the bond market (Central Bank of Lesotho Economic Review 2009). According to Tokunbo S.Osinubi (2000), the stock market is reported to perform some functions which promote the growth and development of an economy. It plays a pivotal role in mobilizing idle fund from surplus economic unit and channels such fund into deficit unit for investment in long-term project. The supplier of funds are basically individuals and corporate bodies who subscribe to capital market instrument as a way of adding value to their unused financial resources while the deficit unit i. e. the end users of the fund are government and corporate bodies as individual cannot approach the capital market for fund. Equally, the capital market provides ideal source for corporate bodies and government to pool monies from people and corporate bodies to finance capital intensive project which its internal purse cannot cope with. Akingboungbe (1996) opined that the importance of the capital lies in its financial intermediation capacity to link the laggard sector of the economy with the active sector. According to him, the absence of such capacity robs the economy of investment and production of goods and services for societal advancement. Capital market in any nation exists to provide long-term funds for government and corporate bodies for development purpose. It deals with long-term financial instruments which include equities or stocks, debentures, government bonds and derivatives like future options. In the capital market, the stock in trade is money which is often viewed as the lubricant of the economy and which can be raised through various instruments such as right issues, debt instrument, equity offering as well as through the stock exchange. This is a pointer to the fact that the capital market provides the wherewithal with which the goal of economic growth can be actualized, and equally held the key to economic prosperity of any nation. A virile capital market is capable of assisting a nation to muster financial resources and skills for rapid growth and development. The capital market is viewed as engine of growth in most countries. Empirical research by CBL Economic Review 2009 indicated that the capital market connects monetary sectors with the real sector and therefore facilitates growth in the real sector and economic development. The CBL economic review adduced the following as the fundamental channels through which capital market is connected to economic growth: First, capital markets increase the proportion of long-term savings (pension, funeral savings) that is channeled to long-term investment. Capital market enables contractual savings industry to mobilize long-term savings from small individual households and channel them into long-term investment. It fulfils the transfer of current purchasing power, in monetary forms from surplus sector to deficit sectors, in exchange for reimbursing a great purchasing power in future. In this way, the capital market enables corporations to raise funds to finance their investments in real estate. The implication will be an increase in aggregate consumption and hence growth and development. Second, capital market also provides equity capital and infrastructure development capital that has strong socio-economic benefit through development of roads, housing, energy, telecommunication, etc. These projects are ideal for financing through capital market via long-term bonds and asset backed securities. Moreover, capital market promotes public-private partnership to encourage private sector participation in productive investment. The need to shift economic growth from public to private sector has become inevitable as resources continue to diminish . It assists the public sector to close the resource gap, and complement its effort in financing socio-economic development through raising long-term project based capital. It also attracts foreign portfolio investors who are critical in supplementing the domestic savings levels. It facilitates inflow of foreign exchange into the domestic economy. Furthermore, the CBL Economic review 2009 equally asserted that countries with developed capital market have higher economic growth than countries without. An instance cited to justify this position is South Africa, the country with the largest and most developed capital market in Africa in terms of market capitalization which is experiencing faster growth compared to other countries with less-developed capital market. In Nigeria, the capital market seems not to have contributed so robustly to economic growth as the empirical research of the CBL Economic review and the predict of endogenous growth model which envisage positive correlation between the development of the capital market and economic growth both suggested. The capital market in Nigeria started rolling in 1960 when the Nigeria Stock Exchange was opened. It metamorphosed from the Lagos Stock Exchange which had been created in 1959 based on the recommendation of the Barback Committee set up by the then federal government. However, the Nigeria capital market has enjoyed a decade of unprecedented growth in the past five years. Going by the annual report of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) the total market capitalization has increased by over 90%though, this feat was short lived by the decline of 45. 8% in market capitalization recorded in 2008. According to the NSE, the impressive performance of the capital market can be attributed to some reasons: First, the bank consolidation exercise which introduced a minimum capital requirement for banks stimulated the performance of the capital market as it has encouraged most banks to choose the stock market. Equally, the privatization policy has also significantly impacted on the performance of the capital market. Even though with this scenario, the Nigeria capital market is yet to keep pace with the trend across the globe. According to Sule Ndanusa the Director General of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Nigeria capital market is still a small market by international standard as its equity listing and market capitalization stood at 196 and $7billion respectively. This size of the Nigeria capital market is affected by the continuous depreciation of the naira. While the global trend dictates that the market capitalization of the capital market should be nearer the GDP or be above it, the market capitalization of the Nigeria capital market hovered around 60% and 39% respectively for 2007 and 2008 (NSE Annual report2009) respectively compared to that of South Africa which stood at 239%. Thus, a lot still need to be done to make the Nigeria capital market the engine of growth for the Nigeria economy. Given the scenario in the Nigeria capital market, the point of departure of this study is to examine the linkage between capital market development and economic growth with a view to explore the channels through which the capital market in Nigeria can be made engine of growth while addressing problem inherent in its operation. In the word of Adebiyi (2005), capital market in developing countries often suffer from classical defect such as illiquidity, lack of equity capital, bank dominated economies and lack of investor’s confidence in the capital market. The situation in the Nigeria capital market is not different as the predominant problem revolves around low market capitalization as well as illiquidity as most research works have revealed (e. g. Emenuga 2004, Judey Bassey and Sunday E. Ewah). This is coupled with the more serious obstacle of non-strengthening of the channels of transmission from financial development to economic growth such as financial depth(ratio of financial asset to national income), advanced financial structure(moving from bank and non-bank ntermediaries to stock market ), size as well as the efficiency of the financial system . The description of the Nigeria capital market as a small market by international standard as well the dominant roles which banks still play in the financial system at the expense of other financial intermediaries lends credence to this viewpoint. Several recent overviews of the link between financial market development and economic growth affirm positive correlation between financial market development and economic growth. But, in Nigeria evidences to this effect are weak, inconclusive and non-definitive. For instance, Sunday O. E. Ewah and Jude Bassey (2004) concluded that capital market has growth inducing potential but it has not contributed to economic growth owing to such problems such as low market capitalization and illiquidity. In similar vein, efforts were equally made by Nyong (1997) to develop an aggregate index of capital market development and use it to determine its relationship with long-term growth in Nigeria. The study employed a time series data between 1970 and 1974. The result of the study reveals that capital market is negatively and significantly correlated with long-run growth in Nigeria. The result also showed that there exist bi-directional causality between capital market development and economic growth. However, Levine and Zervos (1996) established positive relationship between the measure of stock market development and long-run growth rates. Ariyo and Adelegan (2005) contended that the liberalization of capital market contributes to the growth of the Nigeria capital market but its impact at the macro-economy is negligible. That is, the question of the channels through which capital market development correlate with economic growth has not been given detailed attention in empirics literature in Nigeria as most available empirical analysis in this direction are cross-country study and more so, are conducted for Asian and European economy. Such works include Jose De Gregorio et al (2003) Dipendra Sinha et al Saray Joy et al (2002) . A more potent proof of the scanty of evidence on the channel of transmission from financial development and economic growth can be found in the word of Valpy FitzGerald (2006) who stated that financial development and economic growth are clearly related and this relationship has occupied the mind of economists from Smith to Schumpeter, although the channels and direction of this relationship has remained unresolved in both theory and empirics literature. Thus, the absence of empirical analysis in this direction has left a serious gap that needed to be filled with a research enquiry. Following the foregoing from the few empirical evidences sighted above which reveal inadequacy and lack of agreement among analysts about the sine-qua-non role of capital market in economic growth coupled with scanty of literature on channels of transmission from financial development to growth and the pervasive problem of decline in market capitalization and illiquidity which characterize the Nigeria capital market as reflected in Nigeria Stock Exchange Annual report(2009), it becomes important to turn the searchlight on the capital market and every other thing that accompany or propel it with a view to empirically examine how linkage between capital market development and economic growth as well as the channels of transmission from capital market development to growth can be pursued to bring the dream of economic growth to fruition.

Protection of Human Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Protection of Human Rights - Research Paper Example The Committee of Ministers supervises and ensure that all judgments are carried out by the particular member state. Member state could be marginalized if refuses to honor such judgments. Even though explicitly ECJ is not only for Human Right violations like ECHR, there are many cases where issue touches both the courts and eventually, these two law bodies pass judgments in support of one another. In the Cossey case1 (ECHR, 1990), of sex change, it upheld applicant's claim that she has lived a woman's life, and after the operation, she was a complete woman, and is capable of marrying a man and claim all benefits reserved for women and this was a landmark judgment. The European Convention of Human Rights established The European Court of Human Rights as the lawmaking body, governing and securing the human rights that have been approved by the Convention. Court has the power to award damages, decide punishments and direct the Member States. "The establishment of a Court to protect indiv iduals from human rights violations is an extremely innovative feature for an international convention on human rights, as it gives the individual an active role on the international arena"Â   The European convention is perhaps the highest body in the world that provides a great amount of protection of the individual human rights of a person, as opposed to another person and also against member states. There is a rarely used option of one State complaining against another state in matters of Human Rights. Human rights enshrined by the Convention are (from Article 1 to 27): obligation to respect human rights, right to life, prohibition of torture, prohibition of slavery, right to liberty and security, right to a fair trial, no punishment without law, right to respect for private life, right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, right to freedom of expression , right to freedom of assembly and association, right to marry, right to an effective remedy, prohibition of discrim ination, derogations, exemption for political activities of aliens, prohibition of abuse of rights, limitation on permitted restrictions of rights etc. and the Protocols are concerned with right to property, education and free elections, civil imprisonment, freedom of movement, expulsion, death penalty, expulsion, criminal appeals, compensation, double jeopardy, spousal equality, discrimination, death penalty, changing the conventions machinery etc.

Energy Security in the Middle East Research Paper

Energy Security in the Middle East - Research Paper Example The research paper "Energy Security in the Middle East" discusses the energy security in the Middle East by focusing on various aspects such as energy security threats as well as global issues that are associated with energy security. Access to cheap energy has become significant in the functioning of modern economies. A significant vulnerability has emerged as a result of uneven distribution of energy supplies among various countries. Energy security is defined by international energy agency as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at a reasonable price. There are various aspects that have been associated with energy security. They include both short–term and long term energy security. Short-term energy security tends to focus on the ability of the system of energy to respond promptly to immediate changes in the supply-demand balance whereas the long term energy security deals with the timely investment targeting energy supply and in line with environmental needs a nd economic developments. There seems to be a consensus on the issue of energy security achieving a certain significance since the energy shocks that was witnessed in the 1970s when present asymmetries between energy consumers and geographical distribution resources had been consolidated by most countries especially in the Middle East that depends on petroleum. Since then energy security has been incorporated into debates of the international relations theories. The existing international relations theories have demonstrated various approaches.

Nigeria - oil war Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nigeria - oil war - Assignment Example According to Frynas (158) the pollution of the environment through the extraction of oil in Nigeria has been the leading cause of the human rights abuses and environmental abuse in the Niger Delta. In this essay it is the aim of the research to examine and analyze how the oil industry in Nigeria has been the source of various conflicts and how the oil companies in Niger Delta have devastated the environment especially of the Ogoni lands. To achieve the goal of analyzing the environmental devastation of the Ogoni lands in the Niger Delta, I have organized this paper into five sections. The first section will be looking at the background and the history of the Ogoni land and their conflicts with the oil corporations operating within the contested area. Under this first section, further sub-sections will look at the background of the environmental resource that is being examined; the human rights issues that are the center of the conflict and the history of the inhabitants of the Ogoni land; and the location of the resource that is being evaluated will be explained. ... Under the international policies, governance and legislation several factors will be put into consideration including the specific policies and that are in place to regulate the resource around the Niger Delta and how the regime in the area was formed together with the structure put in place for the policies to work. Relevant international laws and treaties will be used in order to clarify the topic at hand in relation to the conflict area. Under this section the last sub-section will be how the implementation of the international enforcements is being done and whether there are challenges that are being faced when implementing the various rights and treaties and if not if there are cases whereby the country is not honoring the treaties that have been set. The fourth section is the challenges and barriers that are in place that makes it difficult in finding a remedy and a solution to the conflicts being experienced in the Niger Delta. This section will include the identification of t he obstacles that are limits the problem solving and also whether there are theories that support these problems that hinder the remedy of the conflict. On top of the identification, an opinion concerning whether a shift in the consciousness of the public will be prudent or not will be discussed in this section. The last section which is the fifth section that the paper will analyze will be the policy recommendations that might be deemed best to help in reducing the conflict that is currently being experienced. In addition the opinions of the whether a new policy recommendation will be necessary during the implementation of the solutions to reduce the conflicts will be given in this section. After all the main sections

Human resources Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human resources Management - Assignment Example RasGas also supplies LNG at home and in addition to producing LNG for export markets in the amount of 37 million tonnnes each year, RasGas also supplies about 2.0 billion cubic feet of LNG at home. RasGas also ‘manages and operates’ the ‘Hellim 1 and Hellim 2 facilities’ which together produces 1.96 billion cubic feet of liquid hellim annually. RasGas is committed to increase production with a view to meeting energy demands both at home and abroad (RasGas, 2001-2013). †¦develop, produce and sell hydrocarbaons from the world’s largest non-associated gas field in a safe and environmentally responsible manner for the welfare of the State of Qatar and the satisfaction of our customers while maximizing shareholder value (RasGas, 2001-2013A). ..The safe and reliable production and delivery of products to a worldwide portfolio of customers and the superior execution of projects and technical services for our shareholders and stakeholders (RasGas, 2001-2013A). Thus, the overall strategy of RasGas as an organization is to provide high quantity, and high quality LNG in a manner that is environmentally friendly. RasGas also emphasizes efficiency and excellence in customer service, profit maximization for shareholders and satisfaction for a wider class of stakeholders. Sustainability is at the heart of RasGas’ strategy. According to RasGas, sustainability is the key to ‘business success’ (RasGas, 2001-2013B). Sustainability is therefore built on four pillars: performance improvement through competitiveness and innovation, improving relationships with stakeholders and shareholders, maintaining integrity through high operational and business standards and sustainable practices (see Figure 1) (RasGas, 2001-2013B). RasGas’ external labour market consists of operating a ‘fleet of 27 LNG carriers under long term charter agreements with ship owners’ (RasGas, 2001-2013). This fleet of carriers include ‘conventional, Q-Flex and Q-Max

A-level Writing - Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A-level Writing - Environment - Essay Example We are a long way from Mesopotamia at this point in our history, however. Many of our modern efforts to control or adapt the environment for the benefit of humans have created environmental degradation and damage. We are actually at a point where humans are no longer making the world a better place to live. We are damaging the planet due to excessive use and waste of our natural resources. This is most clearly visible through the global phenomena of climate change, desertification and water pollution. Global climate change is a very contentious topic. Many scientists believe that greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane that are being released into the atmosphere at historic levels by human activity is causing the earth’s atmosphere to heat up. Other scientists believe that the recent warming that has been measured is nothing more than a part of the earth’s natural cycle of warming and cooling (Press, 2004, p.55). Assuming that the science is correct, it is important to understand that much of these greenhouse gasses that are being emitted are a result of conveniences we demand as a part of our modern lifestyles. They are not vital for human existence. Having a car, electricity and high-speed air travel are vital parts of our global culture, but they are not necessary for the sustaining of human life. Our world would be radically different without these modern inventions and services, but there is a chance that our continued use will damage the planet deeply. Entire ecosystems may disappear simply because people are unwilling to pay more for alternative forms of transportation or because they refuse to acknowledge scientific data because of a certain religious or political belief (Letcher, 2009, p.133). This is indeed proof of the danger humans pose to the earth. Even when there is a chance our actions are detrimental to the environment; many of us still refuse to change our ways. Desertification is another way that humans are degradin g the environment. Pasturing animals is an ancient occupation, but the modern demands of six billion inhabitants of earth to eat an animal rather than a plant-based diet is starting to stress many ecosystems. Grazing animals in areas of marginal rainfall can lead to a process known as desertification. The soil dries out and loses its fertility, leading to an encroachment of desert soils or a barren hardpan. Desertification claims many acres of land each year. The real problem with this phenomenon lies in the fact that once soils are degraded in an arid region, they are almost impossible to rehabilitate. A few seasons of over-grazing can result in ruined soils that took millennia to develop. Traditional grazing practices were much gentler on the environment, but modern methods of grazing have proven disastrous in many areas of Africa, Southwest Asia and even North America (Geist, 2006, p. 42). A final way that humans are causing irreparable harm to the environment is through water po llution, specifically through the runoff of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. The green revolution of the 1960’s greatly increased the output of the world’s farms, but we are now reaping the negative consequences of the overuse of agrichemicals. Estuaries such as the Chesapeake Bay have entire areas

Smoking Ban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking Ban - Essay Example The public was, however, largely ignorant to this fact the medics became viewed with skepticism. It took a number of long years for people to pay attention to the medics. Medical science has, nevertheless, proved beyond a reasonable doubt that smoking kills (Susman, 2012). A lot of smokers claim that it is by choice that they smoke this might be the case, but what if the person smoking is a female who is pregnant, or what if the smoker sits in a room full of young children and inflicts that choice of hers to the children. Smoking has since the early 1990’s, become antisocial and the voice of the non smokers can largely be heard (European Society of Cardiology, 2012). Smoking ban infringes on human rights to enjoy their freedom. A lot of people believe that putting smoking bans in a number of public areas is a harsh measure and that it will affect them profoundly. There is also the other group that accepts putting bans in all public places is the way to go. The question I ask is, why do people smoke. From my research, I uncovered a couple of that lead people to smoke; First of all young people smoke because it makes them feel mature, look like their friends or even experiment (Susman, 2012). Adults, on the other hand, smoke to reduce stress or pressure (Hinds & First, 2000). Carrying a couple of smokes to work is a reward to all smokers, most of them would not think of carrying them to work if they did not have a reason too. Smoking enables one to kick back, relax and enjoy him or herself for a few minutes. I must acknowledge that sitting with a group of people with a smoke is a terrific way to relax. The other group of people says that smoking is a social thing. For example, if a person is outside having a smoke and spots another person also having a smoke, it is always an easy and  pleasant way of starting a conversation. Especially in social places like bars or clubs, these are the places, to meet people and socialize over a smoke and a drink. Smoking is

Strategic Planning for Digital Marketing CommunicationsSummative Essay

Strategic Planning for Digital Marketing CommunicationsSummative Assessment - Essay Example The global recession has heavily impacted the economy of the United Kingdom which led to the proportionate increase in the prices of the goods and commodities. Less availability of cash to the public had extremely slowed down its business flow resulting in stagnancy. Though the food and drinks industry did not come to a static point but it received a massive blow as the food and drinking habits found cheaper avenues and the major food joints were largely affected (Pesto,2013). 1a (ii) Business Challenges – Savy Consumers With the United Kingdom (UK) grappling under recession, unemployment and other related difficulties the consumers become excessively choosy in matters of expenses. United Kingdom (UK) has been languishing under unemployment for a very long time, and as a result there has been huge amount of change in their expense habits. They have been reduced to the basic requirement items, which saw a large drop of sale in the luxury items and other high value good and serv ices. The non-promising state of the recovery of the economy, poor economic policies of the government has also failed to assure the citizens of economic security and sustainability. As a result, the consumers concentrated more on saving than on spending. The minimal expenses made by the consumers were on the essential commodities and cheaper versions of luxury items that made them satisfied of using luxury items in exchange of lesser money. In such a situation it became significantly difficult for a business house to sell their items and make a considerable profit for sustaining themselves (Pesto,2013). Industry Challenges 1a (iii) Industry Challenges – Market Competition Zouk being one of the differentiated restaurants located in a popular hub is a symbol of class and luxury. Such a differentiated brand is an added advantage for the kind of life style led by the citizens of the United Kingdom until affected by the economic downturn. Since the world recession and unemploymen t for a longer time has affected the normal functioning of the United Kingdom, the food and beverages industry has also been noticeable affected. The consumer preference has shifted from high end luxury wining and dining experiences to the less costly food stalls. The cheaper food items pose great competition and a threat to the profit margin of the Zouk’s which is specializes in quality food and food experiences. 1a (iv) Industry Challenges – Consumer Perception Zouk has been established as a high ended, luxury restaurant that offers great cuisine experiences. In the face of long term unemployment and great economic recession has left people with low disposable incomes and great uncertainty that looms over their future. In such a scenario, such branded and luxury avenues remain a distant object that hardly anyone would like to visit. The consumer preference shifts to cheaper food and food joints. The same perception that earned Zouk the present status has adversely af fected its business in the time of this economic recession and a prolonged tenure of unemployment that has engulfed entire United Kingdom. In order to attract the consumers it has to offer the less costly products but it will give rise to different speculations regarding the quality of the offered menu. The customers would doubt the quality of the food in the menu because of its availability in lower prices. It has the possibility of adversely affecting the image of the restaurant and its brand

Richer Districts and Higher Quality of Education Essay - 4

Richer Districts and Higher Quality of Education - Essay Example This is done by giving them education vouchers and this means that they are able to take their children to schools in other districts. To begin with, using this method leads to poor the parents having to deal with more financial issues. When the parents are allowed to use this, their children will have to go further from home which means more transport costs which the parents may not be able to afford. As a result, while this may help the parents to take their young ones to a better school outside the district, it may also mean that they are no able to improve the education of the children. They will not be able to go home early and yet in poor families older siblings are part of helping the parents with younger siblings. Seeding them to school further from home will leads to them being unable to go to a home in the event in good time. In most poor families, the younger children are part and parcel of playing some home chares including helping in the bringing up of the younger siblings. When these kids go to school too far from home, they are not able to go home in time to help their parents with these issues. The other issue is the fact that it leads to school district funding being transferred to other diacritics and this weakens the public schools even further (Hanushek, 258). Giving parents the money to take their children to districts other than where they stay will mean that the funds are being taken outside of the local districts. This leads to the local education in public school getting even worse due to the fact that the funds they would otherwise use to improve their education are being taken to other districts. Apart from that, it also leads to issues of lack of tax accountability of tax to some people which also leads to poorer education.  

First Grade Curriculum Guide for Mentally Retarded Students Essay Example for Free

First Grade Curriculum Guide for Mentally Retarded Students Essay Various models of language, which are rich and are in various forms of literature, including, poetry, songs and fiction are to be introduced. The five major ideas in reading are some of the basis of the curriculum and the instructions. They inspire the various assessments that to be used. Phonemic Awareness: It involves the ability to and be able to manipulate sounds in words. It also involves the ability to isolate letters and sounds and also to blend sound and segment sounds. Alphabetic Principle: This refers to the capability of associating sounds with letters and uses these sounds to form new words. Fluency with text: Is the effortless and the ability of the reader to read words in connected text automatically. Vocabulary: Being able to effectively understand and use words so as to acquire and convey meaning. Comprehension: This process involves the intentional communication that takes place between the reader and the text to be able to convey meaning. Literacy Centers Each day a child will be expected to participate in centers. This will allow the children to be able to explore various materials, try to reinforce concepts already taught and direct their own learning. The centers are likely to change weekly. They include: Word wall centre, Art centre, Listening centre, poetry centre, spelling centre and Reading centre. Writing, Spelling and Phonics The children will be given the courage to apply their knowledge of letter sounds as temporal spelling. After the child knowing how to say words slowly as well as listening to the sounds, this should help him record the message and think of himself as a writer. As the child progresses, he will be expected to move toward a more convectional spelling and therefore will be held increasingly accountable. Words and spelling of high frequency are taught when working with words block of time. In each week, there will be an introduction of word wall words which will be seen by the child always during the time of reading and therefore he will need to spell frequently while writing. To add on that, through these words, the child will be taught letter sounds and some spelling patterns of the words that are well known such as â€Å"at† so that they are able to spell words like â€Å"fat†, â€Å"sat†, â€Å"mat† and even â€Å"cat†. The goal is to enable the child recognize the spelling patterns and then consistently use them while writing. The writers’ workshops will consist of ample time for writing, mini lessons and during guided writing sessions, there will be sharing of time. Grammar will be taught to children including the use of punctuation marks. There will be the use of modern manuscript as a form of handwriting. There will be no extra time being spent on teaching formal handwriting, but rather there will be incorporation of the teaching of proper letter formation into some other daily lessons. Reading Curriculum The development of literacy will form the primary focus of the first grade year. There will be a well balanced literacy program which will include a wide range of language experiences which involve reading, writing, listening and speaking (American Association and School Administrators, 2006) Reading aloud to children This will be a guided reading where by the teacher will be required to read allowed for the children to pay extra attention to be able to hear what is being read. The children listen carefully. The children will then read with the teachers help. This is achieved when the teacher reads then the children repeat what is being reading. Shared Reading This is also referred to as Independent reading. There are two forms of independent reading: †¢ Children read in group together †¢ Children read alone First, there will be grouping of children to enable them read as a group. In this they will be able to assist each other catch up. Those who are fast in mastering the words are likely to play important roles. After doing this the children will be allowed to read on their own (individually). This is the best time to determine whether a child has got something from the session.

Strategic Analysis Of Carnival Corporation And Plc Tourism Essay

Strategic Analysis Of Carnival Corporation And Plc Tourism Essay Humans have since time immemorial been fascinated with ships, seas and oceans. Whilst ships have in the past been used mainly for transportation of goods and people and of course for war, seafaring has always been associated with travel to new and strange destinations, excitement and romance. With the contemporary day and age being firmly focused on new alternatives for leisure, excitement and life experiences, the western tourism industry has astutely used this human fascination with the seas to develop an extremely desirable tourism option; namely sea and ocean cruises. Such cruises offer exciting and pleasurable vacation options for people. They are offered by specialised cruise liners and provide customers the experience of travelling on the high seas in large, well appointed and luxurious ocean going vessels. Cruise holidays provide customers with luxury experiences and opportunities to engage in numerous leisure activities like (a) sun bathing on expansive ocean liner decks, (b) use of large swimming pools, (c) a range of body comfort activities through the use of spas, gyms and Jacuzzis, (d) various types of eating and dining options, and (e) a range of on ship holiday activities like games, contests, singing and dancing. The modern day cruise industry emerged in the 1970s in North America (Dowling, 2006). Whilst cruises originally aimed to provide customers with luxurious trans-ocean transportation options, the industry has since then transformed into a vacation alternative for people to travel to land based destinations or to sightseeing locations in the oceans (Dowling, 2006). A cruise now stands for a complete start-to-finish experience in luxury, comfort and the good life, rather than an option for travelling from point A to point B (Dowling, 2006). Whilst cruise vacationers still form a very small segment (just about 2%) of the global tourism industry, their volumes grew from 500,000 passengers in 1970 to 6.6 million passengers in 2000 (Gisnas et al, 2008). Such volumes have continued to grow during the last decade and are estimated to be 17 million annual passengers today (Gisnas et al, 2008). The industry experienced significant growth in the 1970s, when it first emerged, and has been growing at between 8 and 9% since then (Gisnas et al, 2008). Sectoral growth in the cruise sector has also not been cyclical like other shipping segments (Gisnas et al, 2008). Carnival Corporation and plc (Carnival Corporation) is the worlds largest operator of cruise ships. With 11 individual brands and a total fleet of 96 vessels, the organisation operates cruises in North America, Europe and Australia (Carnival, 2010). Whilst the global recession affected the travel and tourism industry significantly and also affected the revenues of the company to some extent, Carnival Corporation expects to grow significantly in the coming years, as recessionary forces weaken and individual and business spending starts moving upwards once again (Carnival, 2010). This specific analysis attempts to (a) examine the operations and mechanisms of the cruise industry, (b) analyse the strategies and operations of Carnival Corporation, and (c) recommend suitable future growth strategies for the company. 2. Overview of Cruise Industry 2.1. Brief history of Cruise Industry The first cruise route, historical records reveal, was established by British PO in 1882 with the introduction of S/Y Ceylon for pleasure cruising (Cartwright Baird, 1999). The ship operated on the western coast of Norway and was well known to wealthy UK citizens (Cartwright Baird, 1999). The most famous example of a cruise liner of those days is that of the Titanic, which sank on her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York, in April 1912, after a collision with an iceberg (Cartwright Baird, 1999). Whilst trans-ocean services between North America and Europe expanded greatly between the two great wars, the emergence of commercial aircraft after the closure of the Second World War led to the elimination of human transportation through ships (Cartwright Baird, 1999). The years that followed the closure of human transportation through ships however saw the emergence and the steady growth of pleasure and tourism oriented cruises (Cartwright Baird, 1999). The cruise market is currently dominated by three important organisations namely, Carnival Corporation (the subject of this study), Royal Caribbean International and Star Cruises. Whilst the industry was home to a number of players in the 1970s and 1980s, progressive mergers and alliances have led to the formation of oligopolistic market situation that is dominated by three strong entities (Gisnas et al, 2008). Carnival Corporation leads the business with a 45% market share, followed by Royal Caribbean (21%) and Star Cruises (10%) (Gisnas et al, 2008). Appendix 1 provides details of the capacities of the major cruise liners. The cruise market is divided into two main geographic segments, (a) the US market and (b) the European market. The US market, which includes North America and the Caribbean, forms 62% of the total market, whereas Europe accounts for 24% of cruise users (Kamery, 2004). The European market, whilst smaller than the US market, is growing swiftly and is expected to increase by more than 9% per annum in the coming years (Kamery, 2004). The UK market has until now been the dominant European market, even as the German, Scandinavian, Benelux, Austrian and Swiss markets are showing strong growth (Kamery, 2004). Cruises can be segmented into five main categories, namely contemporary cruises, budget cruises, premium cruises, luxury cruises and special cruises. Appendix 2 provides details of the different types of cruises. The industry can otherwise be segmented by languages, which surprisingly is an important point of differentiation (Gisnas et al, 2008). Individuals prefer to go on cruises with people who speak the same language (Gisnas et al, 2008). Important market segments are (a) American families, (b) senior citizens from the EU, (c) conferences and incentives, (d) themes and (e) adventure (Gisnas et al, 2008). In North America the target population for cruises companies comprises of adults, who are more than 25 years in age and earn more than 40,000 USD per annum (Gisnas et al, 2008). The target market includes (a) people who have cruised before, (b) vacationers who have not previously engaged in cruises and (c) non vacationers as well (Gisnas et al, 2008). The segment makes up practically 44% of the US population (Gisnas et al, 2008). Whilst the average age of passengers has come down to just below 45 in the US, The average age of passengers in the UK is also coming down significantly (Gisnas et al, 2008). The potential of the market is high because the existing penetration rate at 3% for North America, 1% for Europe and 2% for UK is very low. The main markets continue to be North America and Europe. The Asian market is however growing very slowly. Appendix 3 Provides details of passengers both by nationality and by origin. 3. Analysis of Carnival Corporation 3.1. Company Overview Carnival Corporation plc is the market leader of the cruise industry. Carnival Corporation was founded in 1972 by Ted Arison (Carnival, 2010). Both Carnival Corporation and Carnival plc have grown organically, as well as through mergers that have led to significant increases in organisational operations (Carnival, 2010). The present organisation came about from a merger between Carnival Corporation and PO Princess Cruises plc, wherein it was agreed that PO would be listed on the London Stock Exchange (Carnival, 2010). The organisation is thus dually listed on the London and New York Stock Exchanges and has head offices at Miami, USA, and at Southampton, UK (Carnival, 2010). The company has 11 cruise line brands, each of which controls a geographical location. To elaborate, AIDA cruises controls the German business, Carnival Cruise lines, Holland America Line, Princess Cruises, and the Seaborne Cruise Line operate in the United States, Cunard Line, Ocean Village, and PO Cruises service the UK market, Costa Cruises controls the Italian business, Iberio Cruises controls the Spanish business, and PO Cruises Australia controls the Australian business (Carnival, 2010). The organisation earned revenues of 13.1 billion USD in 2009 compared to 14.65 billion USD in 2008. It owns 93 ships, has a passenger capacity of 180,746, and employs 85,000 people. Carnival Corporation carried 8500 passengers in 2009 (Carnival, 2010). 3.2. Operational Performance The operations and financial performance of the company suffered significantly in 2009 compared to 2008. The sales and net income figures for these two years are provided below. Year 2009 2008 Sales Million USD 5912 6550 Percentage Movement (10%) Net Profits Million USD 885 1090 (19%) Net Profit Ratio 0.15 0.16 Whilst the company management states that they have been able to cushion the impact of the recession effectively, the financial analysis of key performance indicators reveals a different picture. Both sales and profits have come down sharply (Carnival, 2010). It also needs to be noticed that the sales of the organisation have come down by 10 %, even as the cruise industry overall contracted only by 3 % in 2009 (Carnival, 2010). Other operational and profitability ratios like ROI and have also come down in the wake of reduction in sales and profitability. 3.3. PESTEL Analysis The PESTEL frame works helps analysts to examine environmental factors in a methodical manner (Porter, 1980). The specific examination of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors assist in understanding key change drivers and external influences on the working of organisations (Porter, 1980). A PESTEL analysis helps organisational managements in aligning organisational strategies with environmental realities and work towards ensuring that organisations do not purposely follow strategic rules that are at variance or in opposition to environmental forces (Porter, 1980). With cruise lines essentially being international in the nature of their operations, their working can be significantly affected by terrorism related conditions (Porter, 1980). Increase in terrorism activities invariably leads to stricter immigration laws and to reduction in tourism enthusiasm (Porter, 1980). Apart from terrorism, cruise activity can also be affected by political instability in geographical locations that are part of the cruise network, as well as by tourism related taxation policies in different countries (Porter, 1980). Tourism, being an essentially discretionary activity is strongly influenced by changes in global economic conditions (Porter, 1980). The last two years have seen reduction in tourism business and cruise activity. Apart from the economic environment, the movement of exchange rates can also affect tourism and consequently cruise activity. Whilst tourism is currently going through a difficult phase, (having reduced by 4% in 2008 and 2009, and expected to grow by 0.3% in 2010) a post recession boom is likely considering that tourism contributes approximately 10.6% of global GBP. Social and cultural features play important roles in the cruise industry (Porter, 1980). The majority of cruise customers come from affluent and western social segments and place great stress on lifestyle quality (Porter, 1980). The market for cruises has until now been dominated by customers from the advanced western nations. Cruise liners are constantly investing in technology to make their ships more customers friendly as well as easier to operate. Internet sales enable customers to reduce costs through elimination of intermediaries (Porter, 1980). The tourism industry, because of the associated travel costs, is strongly associated with emission of green house gases. Any sort of rationing of petroleum products can as such lead to significantly adverse effects upon the tourism and cruise sector. The cruise business can also be influenced to some extent by trade laws and customs procedures and regulation. The existing global visa regime is tremendously skewed in favour of the inhabitants of rich countries and this can affect the growth of cruise customers from the emerging nations. 3.4. Critical Success Factors Analysis of available information leads to the conclusion that success in the shipping industry will depend essentially upon economies of scale and degree of differentiation (Gisnas et al, 2008). Extending this concept to the cruise industry, the critical success factors in the industry can be narrowed down to the four following factors (Gisnas et al, 2008). Exploitation of scale economies: Economies of scale can be achieved in different operational areas like vessel size, maintenance programmes, and economies of hotel operations Product Differentiation: This can be achieved through the conceptualisation and implementation of different types of cruises. Generation of Customer Loyalty: This will enable companies to obtain higher shares of repeat customer business Management of Strategic Investments: This will enable an organisation to get infrastructural advantage through optimisation of investments, both in terms of money and costs. 4. Strategic Recommendation Carnival Corporation is currently experiencing difficult environmental conditions because of the global recession that was triggered off by the housing collapse and the subprime crises in the USA (Porter, 1980). With the economies of affluent North American and European countries, wherein the brunt of the crises, global tourism was significantly affected during the past two years (Porter, 1980). The bulk of the cruise industry services the citizens of the United States, the UK and other affluent European nations and a sharp economic downturn in these nations will expectedly have significantly adverse on the sales and operational performance of the members of this sector (Porter, 1980). The strategic growth plans for carnival Corporation must accordingly incorporate the impact of the extra ordinarily difficult current environment (Porter, 1980). Whilst the current economic environment is challenging the companys operational and financial capabilities, it is also providing significant opportunities to strong existing players (Porter, 1980). The growth recommendations for Carnival Corporation have been based upon the information obtained from the PESTEL analysis, the utilisation of strategic theories like Porters generic growth strategy and Ansoffs growth matrix, the critical success factors for members of the industry and the opportunities and threats that exists in the current environment (Porter, 1980). Michael Porter, in his seminal contribution towards corporate strategy forwarded the theory that companies can achieve competitive advantage only through the adoption of specific strategies, namely cost leadership, differentiation, or niche occupation (Porter, 1980). Porter went on to state that whilst many organisations feel the need to adopt more than one of such strategies, such an attitude was essentially faulty, and the desire by company managements to adopt essentially distinct operational strategies could lead to loss of focus, confusion in growth objectives and engagement in contradictory and self destructive actions (Porter, 1980). Carnival Corporation has constantly followed a strategy of differentiating of products from that of its competitors. Whilst the organisations growth is also due to its origin and operations in the extremely strong US and British markets, the company has constantly differentiated its offerings through innovation in the types and lengths of cruises to its customers. The company is otherwise strongly focused on sustainability and is taking action to reduce its carbon footprint through the lowering of energy use on its ships, preserving clean air, and reducing operational waste. The PESTEL analysis reveals that whilst the industry is vulnerable to global terrorism actions and the political instability of countries that form part of the operational area of the industry (Porter, 1980). Apart from such political factors, the industry is vulnerable to economic downturns. It is however becoming obvious that the downturn has possibly bottomed out and that western economies are moving towards recovery (Porter, 1980). Whilst recent economic developments in Greece and Spain are disquieting, broad economic indicators show the possibility of some economic improvement in 2010 and firm upward economic movement in 2011. This situation provides abundant opportunities to the companys growth plans. Whilst 2009 has seen a dip in the companys sales and profitability, financial reports reveal that the company has a very strong cash position and comfortable leverage ratios. With its considerable financial ability and its experience in growth through buyouts and acquisitions, the current economic circumstances should provide significant opportunities for the company to acquire smaller and financially weaker organisations, who would be finding it difficult to survive in the present circumstances. Igor Ansoffs model of growth stipulates that companies move in their growth curve from selling currently available services in existing markets through various phases to selling new products in new markets (Tutor2u.net, 2009). Ansoffs growth model is provided in appendix 4. Carnival Corporation should clearly follow a carefully formulated strategy of external and internal growth. External growth should be targeted through the search and acquisition of attractive cruiser lines whose operations and viability has suffered because of the crises. The corporate management should aggressively scout for acquisition and use its strong financial resources to good effect. Such a strategy will also lead to better scale economies and will of course need efficient management of strategic investments (Tutor2u.net, 2009). The company, in accordance with Ansoffs model should steadily pursue strategies for differentiating their services through the conceptualisation and implementation of different cruise themes. It is also opportune for the company to seriously look at the emerging Asian tourism sector, preferably through the acquisition of a local cruise operator. The Asian economy is fairing much better than the European economy and significant accretion is occurring in the upper middle class segments of China and India. Such population segments are totally unexposed to cruise vacations and provide fertile ground for Carnival Corporation to thrust their Asian operations. Carefully conceived strategic plan of organic and acquisitive growth will enable the company to consolidate its leadership position and exploit current environmental opportunities (Tutor2u.net, 2009). 5. Conclusions

Home Appliances Control Using RF

Home Appliances Control Using RF The project HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL USING RF is an alternate of the job done by human like switch on/off by hand. Here job of doing on/off can be done by from a distance by help of remote. The ckt. Consists of four parts. These are listed below:- Power supply of 5v and 9v:- it consist of ic 7805,7809 , two transformer, capacitors and diode. Microcontroller:- it consists of m/c AT89S52 , reset ckt. RF module:- It consists of ic HT-12D AND HT-12E relay part:- two ralays, two diode,two bulbs ref.(1) HISTORY In this rf based project our data to control home appliance is send from remote to control them, here user only have to press the switch of remote. In other words, one could remotely turn on light in ones lawn or the air conditioning at home, or turn on/off the light of room by help of remote sitting at one palace in home, The operation cost and power required is also less. METHODOLOGY In this project our signal is transmitted through air from RF transmitter to RF receiver, which decoded the signal received, now decoded signal is send by 4 line to microcontroller. Microcontroller do the work on received data according to programming, which will turn on/off the relays, then bulbs are also on/off. BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig.1 Ref(5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig. 2 Ref(5) Fig. 3 Ref.(5) WORKING There are two power supplies one of 5v and second of 9v. Power supplies are made by bridge wave rectifier. For making 5v supply we use 4doide, one capacitor of 470 micro F, ic regulator 7805, similarly the second power supply. 5v supply is given to AT89S52 and 9V to operate the relay. Firstly the rf signal is generated by ic HT-12E and transmitted through air by help of rf transmitter module, the received data is now decoded by rf ic HT-12D and send to microcontroller to work on it. Some connections are made be ready the functioning of both ics. When signal is decoded by ic HT-12D it gives output by its pin no. 10 to 13. These output lines feed to m/c to pin no. 10 to 13 to make the m/c in action some connection are made as shown in fig of ckt.(Reset ckt. At pin no. 9, oscillator of value 11.0592 at pin no. 18 and 19 and power at pin no 40) Now, button of remote is pressed by user then m/c do low or high to the pin no p2.0 and p2.1 output line from m/c connected to TIP 122 base. These are high power transistor whose base is connected to to pin no p2.0 and p2.1 of m/c through resistance. If high power is given to TIP than it will be on due to which the relay make the connection between 3 and 4, and bulb be on. If low is at base of TIP then TIP will not work and connection of relay will be 3 and 4 due to which bulb be off. So we can do on/off the home appliance by help of remote. In our project one bulb be on by pressing button 1, second by help of 2, both will be on by button no. 3. And both will be offed by button no. 4. Ref.(6) APPLICATION By using home appliance control using rf we can control all the electrical devices of a home with the help of remote. We can on/off the devices by a distance. With the help of this concept we can make a robotic hand to handle the objects which a far away from us. With this we can also design car whose motion can be controlled by a remote. For a specific movement of car we will define a specific command for forward movement we will press button no. 1 for backward button no. 2 for left by help of button no. 3 and right by button by help of button no. 4 Other applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems Ref(5) PROBLEMS While controlling home appliances using RF we have to face some following problems:- We have used it to a particular range abt. of some meters not in range of kilometer or more distance. If m/c hanged we want to do on/off the switch then we are not confirmed abt. its on/off states. CONCLUSION This project is very useful for electricity saving purpose. Because we can do on/off the switch very quickly, otherwise due to laziness we avoid to on/off them. Project can easily be used by any one because to use this project one should not need to learn any special things and this project is very economical due to its simple circuit and by use of cheap components. COMPONENTS LIST Serial no. Component Specifications Quantity 1 Transformer 1amp,12v 1 2 Regulator7805 1 3 Regulator 1 4 Transformer 1amp,9v 1 5 TIP 122 2 6 Diodes IN 4001N 8 7 RELAY 2 8 MICROCONTROLLER AT 89S52 1 9 HT-12D 1 10 HT-12E 1 COMPONENT DETAILS MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:- Fig. 4 ref(3) The Intel AT89S52 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (ÂÂ µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with AT89S52-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies, Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intels official designation for the AT89S52 family of ÂÂ µCs is MCS 51. Intels original AT89S52 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices Important features and applications:- It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package 8-bit data bus It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller) 16-bit address bus It can access 216 memory locations 64 kB each of RAM and ROM On-chip RAM 128 bytes (Data Memory) On-chip ROM 4 kB (Program Memory) Four byte bi-directional input/output port UART (serial port) Two 16-bit timers Two-level interrupt priority Power saving mode A particularly useful feature of the AT89S52 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped to cement the 8051s popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack. The AT89S52UART an be configured to use a 9th data bit that can provide addressable communications in an RS-485 multi-point communications environment. AT89S52 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 kB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM(ERAM) located in the external data space. The original AT89S52 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the AT89S52 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All SILabs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores. Even higher speed single cycle 8051 cores, in the range 130 MHz to 150 MHz, are now available in internet downloadable form for use in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs, and at many hundreds of MHz in ASICs, for example the net list from www.e8051.com. Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, boot loader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, IÂÂ ²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes. Ref(3) PIN DIAGRAM:- Fig. 5 ref(3) Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as input or output. Pin 9: RS Logical one on this pin stops microcontrollers operating and erases the contents of most registers. By applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning. In other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin resets the microcontroller. Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as universal input or output . Besides, all of them have alternative functions: Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output. Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication clock output. Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input Pin 16: WR Signal for writing to external (additional) RAM Pin 17: RD Signal for reading from external RAM Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which determines operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of quartz crystal, the miniature ceramics resonators can be also used for frequency stabilization. Later versions of the microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz. Pin 20: GND Ground Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as universal inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used then the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. It is important to know that even memory with capacity of 64Kb is not used ( i.e. note all bits on port are used for memory addressing) the rest of bits are not available as inputs or outputs. Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then it has a logic-0 value every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory. Pin 30: ALE Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is usually embedded ) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontrollers machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In this way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. That means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed, the program written to external ROM will be used instead. Otherwise, by applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internal and afterwards external (if it exists), up to end of address space. Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to port 2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as universal inputs or outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is at high level (1) and as data output (Data Bus), when logic zero (0) is applied to the ALE pin. Pin 40: VCC Power supply +5V Ref(4) REGULATOR(7805):- 7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input voltage of 7 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It typically has a current rating of 1 amp although both higher and lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also have a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. It belongs to a family of three-terminal positive fixed regulators with similar specifications and differing fixed voltages from 8 to 15 volts. The last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series cant regulate negative voltages in such a system. The 7805 is one of the most common and well known of the 78xx series regulators, as its small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL. Fig.6 Ref(5) REFERENCES Search Enginewww.google.com. Data Sheets from www.alldatasheet.com Article on Password Based Security System on www.8051projectinfo.com Data Sheet of Microcontroller from www.atmel .com Article on Password based security system from Wikipedia. Text Book on 8051 Microcontroller (Mazidi) Text book on 8051 Microcontroller(Kenneth J. Ayala)

The Power of Internet Feedback :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Power of Internet Feedback Eight Sources I. Introduction Feedback is one of the most important elements to a businesses success. No matter what the business, all have to deal with two constants, customers and customer satisfaction. These two things lay the groundwork for a successful business. The customers come from various types of media strategies such as advertising, mail-order publications, public relations, retailing and merchandising, sales, market research, and prices of goods. In order for a business to be competitive in its market the business must know what the customer wants, what price the customer is willing to pay, why the customer would buy one brand over another and other feelings that customers need met that would make them buy your product or service. Great customer service is the difference that makes the difference, whether your customers deal repeatedly with one representative of your company or with a different person each time they call, whether you do business face-to-face or electronically. Internet feedback is the new wave as far as getting feedback from customers, "A company can't create advocates without a true understanding of customer preferences. Not surprisingly, much of the innovation and groundbreaking techniques for "listening" to customers is coming from the Web world (Griffin.)" This is why Internet feedback is one of the most useful and resourceful tools a business or institution can have at its fingertips today. II. Literature Review and Findings The literature I found to be most relevant to the type of information that I deemed most important covered a websites ability to satisfy a customer having specific feedback goals from the website. In an essay written by Jakob Nielsen and Marie Tahir called, Design Usability: Keep Your Users In Mind Incorporating Feedback at Several Stages into an Ongoing Design Process Will Help a Site to Thrive. In this article the authors describe how the Web, like nothing else, has taught people how easy it is to walk away from a poorly designed product. The truth with the person who could easily and swiftly go to your website they can leave just as fast. A person who has invested the time to drive to a mall might be willing to suffer through a long checkout process much more readily than a Web customer, who can just as easily click over to the competition.

A Developmental Study Of Alex In Kubricks A Clockwork Orange Essay

A Developmental Study of Alex in Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange Synopsis of A Clockwork Orange In A Clockwork Orange, the main character is that of a mildly young child of 15 who, along with his fellow friends, or "Droogs", partake in evenings of Ultra-Violence. Ultra Violence consists of random beatings, theft, destruction, and rape. The main character, Alex, is the self-proclaimed leader of the pack, and makes judgment on their actions pending on his mood. His Droogs eventually find themselves under his direct rule, following his every word, and decide to challenge his authority. The three Droogs (Dim, Georgie, and Pete) join Alex on his romp to a local "fat farm" to pillage the goods therein. Inside, Alex stumbles upon the owner of the resort, and after a length scuffle with her, ends up giving her a blow to the head with a rather large, ceramic replica of an erect penis. When he leaves the outer gates of the complex, Dim surprises him by smacking a milk bottle against his face. His counterparts escape while little Alex is left bleeding and blinded to deal with the police. Upon interrogation of Alex, he discovers that the blow he delivered to the young lady was a fatal one. He is charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to 14 years in prison. While there, he befriends the resident minister and becomes a helper to his service. The minister, Alex soon discovers, is a part in a new form of treatment that is trying to be implemented prisons to help "cure" inmates from committing acts of violence. Through luck and discussion with the higher officials in the prison, Alex is chose to be a guinea pig for the experiment, and is sent to become "inoculated from violence". The treatment consisted of Alex being strapped down to a chair in front of a cinema screen, having electrodes attached to his head, and being kept focused by small pairs of clamps used to disable his ability to blink. This, along with the injection of an experimental serum, is monitored whilst he views movies of UltraViolence. The serum leaves him vulnerable to his surroundings, which are destructive films, and induces such feelings of helplessness, fear, and near-death paralysis, similar to that of drowning. Alex soon associates thi... ...sounds of Beethoven were not intentional, thus not needing reinforcement. However, Alex's trauma could also be referred to as a Skinner approach to treatment. Skinner's theory was that one could achieve a conditioned response by giving the subject positive or negative reinforcement. In his experiments, a mouse was put in a cage with nothing but a pressable button and a light. When the bar was depressed, the light flashed and food was delivered into the cage. If the mouse were dropped into a similar cage, it would be safe to assume that it would retain the reaction to hit a bar and receive food. The conditioned response was to hit the bar when hungry. The reinforcement was the food that was provided by completing the response. In Alex's case, the reinforcement would be the metal satisfaction of not going through with his violent needs when he is subjected to violent surroundings. In conclusion, the theories used as a basis behind Stanley Kubrik's A Clockwork Orange, resemble that of the theories that came from the greater thinkers of modern time. Alex, the guinea pig in this tale, is a classic example of many psychologist's case studies, and could be analyzed differently from each.

Essays on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: Another Analysis :: Love Song J. Alfred Prufrock

An Analysis of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock "Prufrock" is a dramatic monologue, in which it is possible that the speaker is talking to another male, or just talking to himself; his alter ego. Throughout the poem Prufrock is too scared to make a move and seize the day because he keeps saying, "there will be time." His destiny is that he will be old and loveless, hence the irony of the title, because he cannot bring himself to articulate his emotions to another woman. This is actually a pathetic parody of a Lovesong because there is no one to listen to it. Prufrock fears that he will not be heard and this is manifested in the line that refers to the Sirens that sing to Odysseus to lure him to his death in the sea, but Prufrock fears that they will not listen to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The various allusions in the poem need to be understood to gain a better comprehension of what is going on. When he says that he "should have been a pair of ragged claws" this could be seen as a reference to Polonious' character in Hamlet, one who is getting old (a fear of Prufrock's) or it may be that he wants the brainless life of a little creature that scuttles along the sea and has no troubling finding a mate because it requires no effort He talks about the endless places to meet women, but it is no good because he and causes no anxiety in Prufrock because it is easy and primal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire poem expresses his fear of women and the fact that he cannot successfully relate to them. He asks, "Do I dare? and, Do I dare? / Time to turn back and descend the stair" He still has time to go back to the party and take a chance, but he hesitates, and associates himself with Hamlet, who is also hesitant, but who finally decides to act in the end of the play.

Technical Writing Examples Essay

expert composition refers to a type of composition w here the author manage tonus off front of the clo grouchyiselines the dilate and operations of administrative, expert, mechanical, or scientific systems. The main mark of proficient paper is to educate, direct, and channel early(a)(a)(a)s the ability to accustom a original system.Types of conductinessful constitution at that place atomic enumerate 18 three main types of s dash offful physical composition check- exampler docu mentation This type of indite admits documents where the source ex orbits a subject atomic number 18a to a enlightened so that they chiffonier pull in proficient borders and apply them in a materi all toldy- carriage situation. Traditional proficient compose This is penning that is ge ard to an manu situationuringal character already at least(prenominal) a astir(predicate)what familiar with a sputting to deathful region much(prenominal)(prenominal) as engineering or politics. Technological merc glide byise communication theory This is typography use in promotional merchandise such(prenominal) as fliers and promotional brochures that would entice a individual to openage a authentic harvest-tide or service. manikins of adept report kindle be found in individu twainy of these diametrical types of practiced piece of committal to piece of music.Uses for skilful physical compositionEnd- user DocumentationExamples of end-user documentation mogul completelyow inBlackberry for Dummies that teaches you how to use your vernal st entirelyph unmatchableular strait and that is written in ordain to cater to m whatever(prenominal) iodin who has never come out of the closet front used a cell ph unmatchable or who is non a cell ph match slight expert A manual of arms(a) that arises with a computing deviceA manual that comes with a video game system, such as thePS3 users physical exercise-up the ghostTra ditional skilful physical compositionExamples of traditionalistic expert writing dexterity includeA w workepaper cr tiree in an engineering journal closely a spic-and-span system that has been devised An term published in a integrity re st ar that caters to law of natureyersAn article in a medical journal summarizing an experiment that has been conducted and written to a medical audience. For example, articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine would wreak off into this stratum technical Marketing talkThese cogency includeA promotional ad outlining why you would hope to purchase a sore estimator and explaining the features of that computer A promotional ad explaining why you would train to purchase a new cell ph unity, outlining the phones features A promotional ad explaining why you would desire to purchase a new mp3 parcelicipant and outlining the phones features, such as an ad for the Creative Zen Mozaic Mp3 shamSuccessful Technical indi teWhen carrying out a skilful writing assignment, you must remember to follow what is kn aver as the three Cs and train yourself the avocation questionsIs it clear?Is it concise?Is it complete?Because technical writing is so oft eons be affirmed towards those who whitethorn be unfamiliar with technical slang and terminology, it is essential that a technical source uses clear and unambiguous intelligence serviceing in their assigned baste. If the writing is too s intimately(p) of technical wrangle, the message whitethorn non come across as in played. If the info universe written more than or less is provided in a convoluted and round- well-nigh commission, the message is seeming to be lost entirely. Straight fore going and to the point is alship meet jointal lavishly hat. If a technical authors tuition is incomplete, it inhibits the audiences sh being of the topic and piece of ass, in whatever cases such as counsel and safety manuals, prove da ngerous. Above all, technical writing necessarily to be really clear and concise to be successful.Examples of Technical save up AssignmentsTechnical writing is writing that is wear downe for the purpose of educating, pronounceing or directing someone on how to do something. Technical writing is signifi keistertly antithetic than separate types of writing such as narrative, because technical writing is intended to tot up to the reader some unique(predicate) s polish or ability. Technical writing isnt for e preciseone. It is a lot very detail-oriented and uncouthly impacts writing within palm where some advanced intimacy is undeniable. When given a technical writing assignment, it excessively must be lay outed in a certain way in order for you to besuccessful.Forms of Technical pieceTechnical writing assignments ordinarily constrict one of three formsEnd user documentationTraditional technical writingTechnological marketing communicationsEnd User Documentatio n typography a manual that accompanies a cell phone piece of writing a manual teaching abode computer uses how to fix up a basic home net work(a) systemWriting a how-to guide for utilize laptopsTraditional Technical WritingWriting an analysis of a in fall apartigent case for some other lawyersWriting up a summary of a serial of medical experiments to be published in a journal of medicineWriting an article for a trade publishingTechnological Marketing CommunicationsWriting a sales pitch to a new potential client round a new type of computer ironw ar or packet Writing informative articles for the web that visualise businesses that apply a chargey IT consulting service crumb save them moneyTypes of Technical Writing AssignmentsTechnical writing is used in a large variety of fields such as engineering, computer hardw be and softw ar, chemistry, and biotechnology. You plunder in addition realise prevalent examples of technical writing in possessors manuals, employee hand go fors, and in articles on the web. almost examples of technical writing assignments include training manualsoperations guidesPromotional brochuresOnline articlesTraining ManualsA technical generator whitethorn be assigned to compile information for a comp each or line of business educational activity manual. In the manual, the writer whitethorn be required to outlineGeneral informationComp some(prenominal) policiesStandard operating proceduresDuties required to be fulfilled by a given positionTraining manuals and other company documents female genital organ usually be categorized as end-user documentation.Operations GuidesWhen a writer is asked to write an operations guide, they be expected to puddle a working(a) completeledge of the topic or athletic field active which they are writing. It is important that they advance in fountainhead that the mess who ordain be apply their guide arse around out bidly be a founding father and lead in that locationfo re invite lucubrate and concise instructions for the field that is being c everywhereed. This could refer to any of the following types of guides congregation instructionsInstallation guidesOwners manualsComputer software guidesEngineering guidesOperations guides typically de existr under the traditional technical writing phratry, merely, in some cases, could also be considered end-user documentation.Promotional BrochuresA technical writer who writes promotional brochures and other technological marketing pieces lead be required to non lone(prenominal) inform a potential customer of the advise being practise, scarcely to entice them to loss to avail of it wear downe the use of tonality phrases and speech communication.Online ArticlesA nonher type of technical writing is found in online articles. There is a wealth of information getable on the Internet. Millions of concourse browse calculate engines and read by dint of articles they relegate for instructions, g uides, and to under hurt contrastive things. Technical writing, in this case, could vary from articles on how to assemble a crib to articles with small medical advice or historical information. This subject of technical writing basis fall into any of the three categories of technical writing. determination Technical Writing WorkAs you give the gate see, there are some different types of technical writing assignments. If you are interested in proper a technical writer, you should consider working on both(prenominal) your writing skills and brushing up on yourknowledge in your busy field in order to find the top hat realizable opportunities.Technical Writing ExamplesThe field of technical writing offers a lucrative career opportunity for those who are skilled in communications. Individuals enter the professing from different endorsegrounds and for different reasons. about defend pursued a career in writing and found a fix up for communicating colonial sound. separat es belong held technical positions and made the transition into writing specifically about their areas of expertise. What all of these professionals let in common is the ability to write about technical information in a way that their intended audience good deal understand and use well. Its a unique skill set, and one that you can consume to develop if you are considering come in the field. A grievous place to scar is a shortened online unravel intperchucing technical writing and covering the fundamentals of the discipline. If you would standardized to resume a deeper dive, you can also find a schoolwide online course on technical writing and editing. To give you a picture of the kinds of fabrics technical writers typically produce, here are some examples and some specific considerations for eachEnd-user documentation legion(predicate) products require written explanations and instructions in order for users to understand and operate them upshotively. In fact, these can be such an important element of the final package that they are often considered part of the product itself. afterwardsward all, what full is a feature of a software program if you dont know how to use it? And how do you equate that software next to one that does a better job explaining the available features? It is captious for a technical writer working in this area to write as clearly and concisely as possible, using laymans footing and delimit any required technical terminology. If you quest some polish to write with a estimable, easily understandable style, you might realize from a course in writing quality paragraphs and establishs to get started. The output for a given product can take a variety of forms, including the following fruit manualsOften, a product volition come packaged with hard-copy documentation explaining its features in detail. Increasingly, for interlacing products, such as software, these are fitting much rare. Instead of including in sag acity material, software forget often include a slim guide to get users up an running. The more(prenominal) in reasonableness material bequeath so be left for third-party experts publishing on the subject or user religious serviceer tools available either in the software or online.Assembly guidesTechnical writing includes bit by bit assembly instructions, which need to be cautiously crafted to ensure that the end-user can complete the locomote safely and accurately.Quickstart guidesAs mentioned in reference to software, products some clips include a brief introductory guide to get a user started on working with its features. These documents do not include comprehensive information covering all elements. Instead they focalize on clear and concise directions for get the user started. These are some quantifys include in addition to a more comprehensive user manual, a practice comm scarce seen with cell phones and smartness phones.User help functionsMuch of technical writ ing for end-user software documentation takes place electronically. Technical writers build interactive guides where users can go out for information specifically related to a question they deliver about a product. This helps them careshoot as they encounter obstacles in using the software. It also gives them the option of reading finished the guide for a more comprehensive sagaciousness.Technical booksAgain, often related to software products, and with certain kinds of hardware, third-party authors often write full moon length guides to help users thoroughly learn the ins and outs. If this is a goal for you as you set out into the technical writing field, you might get a headstart in a course on writing a how-to book.Traditional technical writingIn the case of product documentation, the writing goal is most often to inform a non-expert audience. The dynamic is very different in traditionaltechnical writing. In this situation, the technical writer is creating core for an audi ence of experts. hither are some examples of deliverables in this categoryScientific and medical papersPracticing enquiry scientists and medical re calculateers often work with technical writers to complete write-ups on their studies, which will lastly be published in journals. Other practitioners will review this information to understand the latest findings and procedures, so the material necessitate to reinforce the credibility of the research and accurately reflect the exposit of the work.Reviews and reportsOutside of the scientific community, technical writers work in and number of fields to communicate between professionals. This can include, for instance, legal case reviews, technical diagrams and schematics, and sometimes correspondence related to technical material (briefings, memos, etc.)Marketing essence of a technical character slice the field may sound as though its material is as endeavorive as possible and strictly for informing audiences, technical writers also engage in convincing content development, often working in liaison with marketing and sales teams. To persuade, after all, content often inescapably to be finespun and credible, so technical writing easily fits in. If you need to work on the persuasive elements of your writing, you can take an online course that will teach you to enhance your techniques in persuasion. Meandarn, here are some examples of writing you might take on within this categoryWhite papersA long-form marketing labor movement, white papers are intentional to thoroughly investigate a topic that presents a problem for a specific audience. These reports will recommend a ancestor that highlights a companys products. sideslip studiesTechnical writers are often voluminous in expounding on details of a specific account and how they success in full met a business goal or overcame a challenge working with a companys product.BrochuresOften, technical writers are called on for product brochures or online descripti ons that go in to a deeper level of detail about how a product functions.Proposals some(prenominal) business to business sales efforts involve a formal proposal military operation wherein the proposer must draw out plans and specifications for a solution in detail. Technical writers often work as part of a team to handle the more technical flavors of this writing. As you can see, the field of technical writing is broad and diverse. There are galore( bearnominal) opportunities within it for a writer who is good at working with complex information. Explore these examples and other options available, and find the area of technical writing that is best for you.What is literary Writing?By antic OldcastleThe term literary writing calls to mind industrial plant by writers such as Shakespeare, Milton, or tidingssworth definitive examples of all that the term implies. We instinctively associate the term with characteristics such as creative personic merit, creative genius, and the vi sta of mankinds noblest qualities. In this essay I will explore some of the characteristics of this kind of writing. Literary work are primarily distinguishable from other pieces of writing by their creative, or workmanic intent. A piece of literature differs from a excessized treatises on astronomy, political economy, philosophy, or flush history, in part because it appeals, not to a particular class of readers sole(prenominal), tho to men and women and in part because, while the object of the treatise is simply to impart knowledge, one ensample end of the piece of literature, whether it also imparts knowledge or not, is to yield aesthetic felicity by the manner of which it handles its theme. 1The writer of this course emphasises the explicition between writing of didactical purpose and literary writing which has that other, aesthetic, dimension. In fundamental terms literature is an facial gesture of behavior through the medium of language 2, besides language used mo re profoundly than when used simply to accept information. The following deuce extracts, for example, both describing one partners publication to matrimonial problems, are different in both their form and their intent Many critics bodyguard the crumbling of theirmarriage back to that unfortunate episode, barely David was delighted when he hear that Lynne had produced a daughter from her marriage to an American doctor.AndHer writing hand stopped. She sat subdued for a moment and then she soft dour in her chair and rested her cubital joint on its curved back. Her face, disfigure by her emotion, was not a pretty quid as she stared at my legs and said . . 3 The depression piece, from a newspaper, gives a typical check account of a broken marriage. It just now presents the position of the two parties involved, ( yet with an attitude equivalent to gossip). The tone of the second piece is less factual and more descriptive. here the writer is sets out to depict a particu lar scene, that of a woman discommode by the discovery of some repellant information concerning her husband, and employs such devices as the use of emotive words, such as disfigured, the gradual increase of dramatic tension, slowly free reined in her chair, and then in the last line a humorous deflation of this tension, her face . . . was not a pretty sight. The author represents a mixture of intentions here, the structure and the use of language armying a different approach and purpose to the low pieces straightforward account of the everyday valet de chambre. In contrast to such a plain factual account writings is a vital record of what men hold back seen in aliveness what they capture realised of it, what they have vox populi and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and stomach interest for all of us. 4So literary writing, having creative and artistic intent, is more conservatively structured and uses words for the rhetorical effect of thei r flow, their sound, and their emotive and descriptive qualities. Literary writers can also employ tone, rhyme, rhythm, irony, dialogue and its variations such as dialects and slang, and a host of other devices in the construction of a particular prose work, poem, or play. All fiction is a kind of magic and trickery, a trustingness trick, stressful to suffice people count something is true that isnt. And the unfermentedist, in a particular, is trying to win over the reader that he is visual perception orderliness as a whole. 5 Literary writing is, in essence, a resolving, a subjective personal view which the writer expresses through his themes, psyches, thoughts, reminiscences, using his armoury of words to try to evoke, or provoke, a response in his reader. . . . it is not only a question of theartist feel into himself but also the of his looking into others with the consume he has of himself. He writes with sympathy because he feels that the other man is like him. 6 In Welsh Hill Country, R. S. doubting Thomas take aims his response to a landscapeToo distant for you to seeThe fluke and the foot-rot and the fat maggotGnawing the scrape up from the small bones,The sheep are grazing at Bwlch-y-Fedwen,Arranged romantically in the usual mannerOn a stark background of bald stone. 7Here the potent evocation of desolation, of the stark brutality, smooth indifference, of the countryside is begind by Thomas through a pointed use of language which also conveys his grim mood. In contrast, Keats To Autumn conveys a soft, esthetic depiction of this season which captured his imagination normalize of mists and mellow fruitfulnessClose bosom-friend of the maturing cheerfulnessConspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run 8Both these extracts show a creative, imaginative response to a particular scene, and show contrasting ways in which a poet can use style to capture his mood and provoke a reaction in t he reader. Devices such as rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, and assonance combine to form a structure of mood, a structure recognisably literary. . . . obscure from the precise mixture of certainty and skepticism in the poets mind, one of the sovereign gestures of art is to straighten out the topicl real, and to project a dim impersonal sensory faculty onto a structure of definite invention. 9 Literature is a process of communication, it helps us to understand life. 10 Perhaps we should also consider the motivation of the writer as a factor which distinguishes literary from other forms of writing. The writers motivation is the energy that pulls in concert the strands of his creativity in the shaping of the accurate work.Ernest Hemingway gives his reasons for writingFrom things that had happened and from things as they come through and from all things that you know and all those you cannot know, you make somethingthrough your invention that is not a model but a whole new thing t ruer than anything true and alive, and if you make it well complete, you give it divinity fudgeity. That is why you write and for no other reason that you know of. 11 Georges Simenon puts forward the idea of therapeutic value, a search for self I withdraw that if a man has the urge to be an artist, it is because he involve to find himself.Every writer has to find himself through his characters, through all his writing. 12 Philip Larkin gives his reasons for writing poems as a need to preserve things I have seen/thought/felt (if I may so indicate a composite and complex experience) both for myself and for others. Here, in The Whitsun Weddings, his motive was to capture his response to a view seen from a train As if out on the end of an evetWaving goodbyeTo something that survived it. Struck, I leantMore promptly out next time, more curiously,And saw it all again in different termsThe fathers with broad belts under their suitsAnd seamy foreheads mothers flash and fatAn uncle sh outing smut and then the perms, 13The main impetus behind Edward Thomass No One So Much as You, is to run his experience of loveNo one so much as youLoves this my clay,Or would lament as youIts dying day 14 bandage the motive behind Andrew Youngs, On the Prospect of Death, is self-evident.If it should come to thisYou cannot wake me with a kissThink I but sleep too lateOr once again extend a cold angry state 15 personalized motivation is an essential characteristic of literary writing. It is the engine behind creativity, and the last two extracts provide examples of some of the slap-up themes which devolve again and again, not only in literary writing, but in all the arts love, death, war, and peace. Such themes, it seems, provide immortal inspiration for artists. So perhaps an chronicle ofliterary writers motives should include the overflowing of their passions, their desire for self- feel, an abiding fascination with humanity in all its variety, the need to come to grips wit h relationships as they really are in the beingness as it really is, the striving after an ideal world which can exist only in the imagination, and, perhaps at the heart of it all, the need to form, shape, things of beauty. The artist needs to dis make for conflicts within himself, to reach an understanding, to search for some credible meaning of to life, to death, to everything. He is always reach, fumbling toward some sort out of truth an artistic creative truth, a truth that resides in the individual artist and needs to be grasped, made real, made understandable. Perhaps in some cases the artists motivation could be seen as a need to create other worlds, in the way that Milton and Tolkien created other worlds, in order that they can project real conflicts onto another plane.The many different genres of the novel constitute a particular challenge to the plan of literary writing. spy novels, and science fiction novels, for example, are creative, imaginative, depictions of life . We might question their seriousness as literature, or whether they can reach out the high ideals of art, but then we might equally well question the meaning of seriousness, and the high ideals of art. Popular novels may not deal with lifes large(p) conflicts, or search for truth and beauty, and they may deal with the seamier side of life, or move into the fantastic, but can they still be considered literature? Do they still make an important contribution to our understanding of the world, as real literature does? Obviously literary works such as Tolstoys War and Peace and Prousts anamnesis of Things Pasttake as a nucleus an event, an aspect of life and construct a world around that core. They are works about real people, engaged in the real business of animate. They convey knowledge, understanding, experience and are hence considered important. Yet they have in common with the detective and science fiction novel that they are books, consisting of words that have been used to express something, words that may or may not be read, and may or may not succeed in conveying an understanding of the world they depict. In my view it comes elaborate to subjective value judgements.I intend literature is a broad perform which ought to be able to deal with any subject, and that ultimately it is individual readers, or readers en masse, who decide on the value of any particular work and onwhether or not it deserves a place in the annals of literary history. Writers aim to show us the world, but no single writer can do this, and literature should encompass numerous different kinds of writer because each is trying to show us something which cannot be shown as a whole. Each, whether a Tolstoy or a Raymond Chandler, can only give us his own small fragment of understanding. eventually it is those works which endure that should be considered literature, those which have succeeded in holding firm a fragment of life, to be seen, to be read, to be understood. Perhaps we sho uld let a writer have the last word on summing up the writers art The aim of every artist is to arrest motion, which is life, by staged meaning and hold it fixed, so that a hundred forms later(prenominal), when a weird looks at it, it moves again since it is life.Since man is mortal, the only immortality possible for him is to leave something behind him that is immortal since it will always move. This is the artists way of scribbling Kilroy was here on the besiege of the final and irrevocable oblivion through which he must someday pass. 16 In conclusion, literary writing does embody certain distinguishing characteristics. It is a self-conscious, imaginative mode of writing which uses words not just to convey information, but as an art form. Ultimately it is a response to life. Personally, passages of outstanding literary writing such as the following, convince me that words are the highest form of expression available to mankindCLAUDIO Ay, but to die, and go we know not whereT o lie in cold obstruction, and to rotThis sensible raw motion to becomeA kneaded musket ball and the delighted spiritTo bathe in fiery floods or to resideIn thrilling region of thick-ribbed iceTo be imprisons in the viewless winds,And blown with alert violence round aboutThe pendent world.Example Literary AnalysisSociety Suppresses human beingss Evil NatureThe idea that mankind is inherently abuse and needs inn to become good is a prominent theme end-to-end William Goldings novel master copy of the Flies. Three of the characters that best exemplify this theme are squat, Roger, and Ralph. bozo starts out good, but as his immunity from fellowship grows, he becomes more and more horror. Roger, although not perfect at the beginning, becomes more and more waste, as he puts callers beliefs and cleans out of his mind. Ralph anticipates good throughout the whole book but only by holding on to corporation and the one thing that can get him back, the signal dismiss. By hav ing jackfruit and Roger, who have chosen to disregard the ways of companionship, become far more tempestuous and evil, and by having Ralph, who still has a strong connection to smart set, remain good throughout the novel, Golding expresses that man is born evil and needs gild to make him good. seaman demonstrates that he is rattling evil many times throughout the book as his connection to society becomes weaker. When varlet and the rest of the boys prototypic draw on the island, they are mostly good because the expectations of society are still very fresh in their minds.They elect Ralph as head word, and dump does not complain too much because he assumes that some self-aggrandizing would get mad at him for doing so, even though there are none on the island. In other words, pitch is used to having adults around who would scold him for arguing, so he lets it slide. As the old age go by, mariners realization grows that there is no one who can tell him what to do. When thi s idea fully hits jak, he questions Ralphs accountability to lead by saying, He isnt a proper chief Hes a coward himself (126). jackfruit feels very powerful because of this realization that no one can tell him what to do, and as a declaration, accuses Ralph of being a heavy(a) leader and then leaves the group. Jack goes and lives on the other side of the island with some of his hunters where he maliciously kills dogshits all the time. He understands no one can tell him right from persecute and so he creates a trigger-happy folk, which almost all of the boys join. Jack is chief and is in total guarantee of the tribe. He hosts terrifying feasts in which they eat pig, that they mercilessly killed, and chants things such as putting to death the beast Cut his throat expire his blood (182), as they reenact the killingof the pig, pretending to kill one another.The fact that no one challenges Jack and his tribes horrible ways fuels Jack to do even more to show his power. By the end of the book Jack is at his most evil state when he orders his tribe to kill Ralph without a second thought. The twins, Sam and Eric, who were forced to become one of Jacks savages, describe what Jack said to the tribe to Ralph And Ralph, Jack, the chief, says it will be dangerous and weve got to be on the lookout and cut down our spears like at a pig (188-189). Jack orders the tribe to kill Ralph, pretending that Ralph is a threat so that the tribe can justify its actions. By having Jack say that the tribe has to throw our spears like at a pig, Golding illustrates, that Jack is dehumanizing Ralph, so that the tribe will not be hesitant to kill Ralph. Jack starts out as any other kid on the island, happy, enthusiastic, and frenzied for the adventure that awaits them. However, Jack is one of the first kids to stop following societys morals and standards, and as a result, thinks that he can do whatever he wants, even if it is obviously wrong.Because Jack lettuce following soc ietys ways, Golding implies that he reverts back to what he was born as, an evil human being.Because Roger no longer has society to suppress his evil nature, he turns super violent on the island. Initially, Rogers life is still heavily influenced by society, and accordingly he does not do anything chastely wrong. Roger starts to feel a bit more powerful, as his connection to society weakens, but it is still strong enough to financial support him from doing anything that wounds others. Roger, having nothing better to do, gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them (62) at a younger kid named total heat. Roger does not aim to hit him, however, because there was a billet around Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, undetectable yet strong, was the taboo of the old life (62). The phrase the taboo of the old life is referring to the taboo established by society that one can not harm another for no good reason. Although Roger understand s that he is free from society, he cannot throw to hit Henry because the society, and therefore the taboo, is still a part of him, even if he does not realize it.If he were to hit Henry with a rock, no one would be there to scold him, but because society is so fresh in his mind, Roger feels as if he would get in trouble and, therefore, purposely misses. Roger becomes progressively violent and evil, as he gives up on society, and when he joins Jacks tribe, he loses what undersized morality he has left. When Ralph, Piggy, and the twins come to the tribe to demand Piggys specs back, Roger starts throwing stones (180) and dropping them (180), with his one hand still on the lever (180). Roger is contemplating whether or not to pull a lever that would allow a boulder to go around down the hill and, most likely, kill them. Roger is deciding if he should let them live or if he should release the boulder, and take their lives. In the end, Roger, bearing none of societys morals or beliefs an ymore, leaned all his weight on the lever (180), relinquish the boulder and killing Piggy. Because no one penalisees Roger, he continues being a horrible, violent human being and becomes the tribes torturer.Through losing his connection to society over the course of the novel, and as a result, becoming more and more evil, Roger illustrates how society can contain a persons evil inner nature.Ralph remains good throughout the novel by using the signal wake up as a strong link between him and society and, therefore, a link to Ralphs goodness. Ralph is choose as chief and immediately starts to set some ground rules and stresses how important it is to get off the island by saying, We can help them find us We must make a grow (38). Ralph, a smart leader, knows that the most important thing is to get rescued from the island, and that a signal fire will help them achieve that goal. after on in the book, when Jack starts to turn evil and is questioning Ralphs leadership, Ralph continue s to stand by his morals and beliefs that he still retains from society.Ralph constantly is using the signal fire and the idea of getting rescued as an argument against becoming a savage group of people. One example is when they deal that the beast is on top of the masses and Jack foolishly says that he is going to go and kill it, but Ralph realizes that this is just distracting them from getting rescued and states, Hasnt anyone got any sense? Weve got to relight that fire. You never thought of that, Jack, did you? Or dont any of you want to be rescued? (102). Ralph is kept moral and fair by continually speech up the topic of the signal fire and being rescued. When Jack leaves the tribe with most of the others, Ralph, wondering how they are going to keep up the fire going, ponders out loud, We cant keep the fire going. And they dont care. And whats more I dont sometimes. Suppose I got like the others not caring. Whatud become of us? (139). Ralph realizes that if he gives up on the fire, like Jack and his tribe did, then he would be no better thanthem, evil and violent. Ralph, although it is highly hard, maintains his connection to society and perseveres through the arduous times. Ralph, for the entire length of the book, upholds societys values and, as a result, never falters from being good.Golding uses the characters in the novel Lord of the Flies to conclude that if not countered by the ways of society, the true evil nature of man will reveal itself. Jack and Roger are among the first to realize that they are free of society, and in turn, they turn evil. Ralph holds on to society and its morals, allowing him to continue being good.Jack and Roger are used to demonstrate that without society man will revert back to its evil nature, and Ralph is used to illustrate that as long as man is still connected with society, he will remain a good human being. The concept that mankinds innate dispositions are evil and that it needs society to be good is a bit ove rstate in the novel, considering that two boys were murdered and most of the boys turned very sadistic. However, there are still many examples of this theme in the real world, ranging in severity. The most limpid example is law enforcement, which will punish a criminal, by prison or other means, if they do anything illegal or against the formal rules of society. Some people will hurt, abstract, and even kill for certain reasons because they have some evil tendencies, but law enforcement and societys rules keeps many people from doing so because they know the consequences.A more basic example of this idea that society keeps people good, is a persons own life. A person grows up with friends and family who have a certain set of morals and standards that greatly impact ones decisions. From a young age, a child is taught not to tease, harm, or steal from other people by his family and friends. A young child, until about age four, will not listen to the adults but kinda will do whateve r they want to do, even if it is evil, because the child has not had enough time to understand what is acceptable in society. Once the child starts to grasp the idea of societys expectations, through matureness and discipline, the child can then act appropriately in society and, consequently, be a good human being. As long as the child and people in general, are influenced by society, their evil inner nature will not be revealed.5 New familys Resolutions for WritersBy Rachel Sheller January 1, 2013A new social class, a new writerly you. New forms Day is a time for reflecting on the past form while thinking about the goals, wishes, and hopes for the new year ahead(predicate). What does this mean for your writing goals? Maybe 2013 is the year you finish your novel. Maybe its the year you commit to a sustainable writing habit. Or maybe its the year you get published. To start the New family right, here are five resolutions you can make to improve your writing, focus yourself, a nd achieve your publishing goals. Pick one to start, or dive in with all five. The result will be the best writing year youve had yet.1. I resolve to make time for writing.Writers hear this all the time If you want results, you have to apply butt to chair and just write. further it isnt that simple, is it? Most of us have jobs, kids, chores, and other outside interests that take away from our writing time, and there are only 24 hours in the day. And most of us also need to sleep. But theres always time to write. Excuses are swooning to make (and there are many responsibilities to which we must attend) but most, if not all of us, have at least one hour of quiet time a day to devote to our writing. Think about it this way If youre able to write even 500 words in an hour, and you write for one hour a day, youll have written about 15,000 words in a month. And even if only 50% of those words are usable, if you keep up the habit for a year, youll have written 90,000 words. And that, m y friend, is a novel. And dont think that writing time means just typing wordsany wordsinto a blank Word document. Outlining, research, and writing exercises are also great ways to spend your writing time, because they are moving you toward your writing goals.2. I resolve to wring my personal writing style.Weve heard the pass on for years. Its probably spanned millenia. The debate to which I refer, is, of course, that of outliners vs. pantsers. Whether you consider yourself an Outliner or a Pantser (non-outliner) doesnt matter. What does matter is that you fully embrace your method of writing. There is merit to both styles, and there are pitfalls, too. Knowing the pros and cons of both camps of thought will aid your writing. (And if you havent decided whether youre more of a planner or a non-planner, I encourage you to try both methods and see which one you prefer.) Outliners are often moreorganized, but their rigid structures sometimes get in the way of lightning rod flashes o f creativity. Their works often need less major editing or geomorphologic work (but not always) and they tend to know where theyre going from the first page to the last.Pantsers are much freer in their writing methodology, preferring to make it up as they go rather than adhere to a strict outline that they write ahead of time. They often find surprises as they write, and they also tend to feel less wedded to stick to a plan because they dont necessarily have one. Their works sometimes suffer structurally, or digress in places where they didnt know how to notwithstanding the plot, but they are also often incredibly innovative and creative. Ill say it again There is nothing wrong with being either a Pantser or an Outliner. Both will get the job done. Wherever you fall in the spectrum, be aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of your method, and work accordingly.3. I resolve to self-edit as I write. seizet confuse self-editing with that niggling vocalise of doubt in your head that screams What the heck are you doing? Theres no operable way that will work Do yourself a favor and silence that vocalization right now. Self-editing is different. Its a method of revising as you write in order to produce a scrubbed manuscript that requires less revision on the back end. It prevents larger structural issues later on, as well as issues of characterization, plot, and pacing. While it does slow down your writing output, the result is a better and clearer first potation that will have fewer problems to solve during revision. While you can learn bits and pieces about self-editing on this site (such as this post on 4 great ways to revise as you write), no one instructs this method better and more fully than James Scott Bell. If youre resolving to self-edit more efficiently in 2013, Revision and Self-Editing for Publication, second Edition has all you need to know about the self-editing process.4. I resolve to step outside my easiness zone.Some of us are fic tion writers and aspiring novelists. Some of us are memoirists. Some of us are freelancers. Some of us are a combination of all of these, in varying degrees. But all of us have a comfort zone, and if we persist within it too long, we risk stagnation. So resolve to step outside of your comfort zone. Experiment with styles and voices that youre not usedto. Emulate authors that you dont commonly read. Read books that you wouldnt normally pick up off the shelf. If youre strictly a fiction writer, branch out into the world of freelance articles, where science and special interest articles provide great cannon fodder for new stories. Or, if youre a nonfictional prose writer, study plot, structure, voice, and pacing, all of which will help you write tightly wound, concise pieces with distinct tones. My point is that we all get stuck in a rut from time to time. actively finding ways to get sunk is the mark of a great writer.5. I resolve to call myself a writer.This may be the most impo rtant resolution you make for 2013. You may consider yourself a writer you may not. You may think you just dabble in this stuff, and that it may work out for you in the end, but maybe not. But writing isnt a short journey, at least not for most of us. Its a lifetime of work. Its often hinged on the culmination of sweat, blood, and tears. It takes a tremendous amount of effort to reap takingss, and its a bit of a cruel mistress, too. grow calling yourself a writer. Then ask yourself why.Acknowledging your writerly status is one thing living it is another. One of my favorite musings on why we choose to be writers comes from Larry Brooks, in his book Story Engineering. I encourage you to release it out, tape it into your writing journal, and flip to it from time to time, especially when youre feeling discouraged. actuate yourself why youre a writer, and why you call yourself one. It will be a tremendous help in the 365 days ahead, and beyond. We are lucky. Very lucky. We are writer s.sometimes that may seem more worrying than blessing, and others may not regard what we do with any more esteem or respect than mowing a lawn. To an outsider this can appear to be a hobby, or maybe a dream that eludes most. But if thats how they view you, they arent compensable enough attention. If you are a writerand you are if you actually writeyou are already living the dream. Because the primary reward of writing comes from within, and you dont need to get published or conduct your screenplay to access it. Whatever we write, we are reaching out. We are declaring that we are not alone on this planet, and that we have something to share, something to say. Our writing survives us, even if nobody ever reads a word of it. Because we havegiven back, we have reflected our truth. We have mattered.