Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays

Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essays Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Elasticity Of Demand In The Context Of Air Travel Demand Tourism Essay Essay Topic: City Lights The UK air power industry has undergone important alteration in the last several old ages. In 2000 Air Canada completed its coup detat of Canadian Airlines, which left it with in surplus of 80 per centum market portion. Market laterality leads to different menu and service quality degrees. As a consequence of higher menus, for illustration, we should happen higher absolute values of snaps of demand merely because with higher menus we have moved further up the demand curve. In 1996 Ryanair entered the market and has continued to turn each twelvemonth. Canada 3000 exited the market in 2001, as did Canjet and Royal ( as portion of Canada 3000 ) . Roots air hose has come and gone but Canjet has reemerged in eastern Canada.The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in t he market will take to higher demand snap estimations. Introduction Ryanair isaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . British Airways isaˆÂ ¦.. This papers reports the findings of a reappraisal of the economic sciences and concern literature on empirically-estimated own-price snap of demand for air travel for Ryan air and British Airways. It refers to the informations on page two of the assignment press release to both above air hoses to exemplify and explicate the constructs of monetary value snap of demand and income snap of demand. The intent of this survey is to describe on all or most of the economic sciences and concern literature covering with through empirical observation estimated demand maps for air travel and to roll up a scope of menu snap steps for air travel provide in the information on the 2nd page of the assignment subject and supply some judgement as to which snap values would be more representative of the true values to be found in different air hose such as Ryan air and British air passages, moreover will measure the accomplishment of cost nest eggs of Ryan air through fixed costs and variable costs every bit good as composing a critical analysis the article on BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Price Elasticity of Demand and Income snap of demand in the context of air travel demand: ( Ryan air A ; British Airways ) This paragraph identifies two distinguishable monetary values for air travel. Specifically, it is observed that surveies of the demand for air travel demand should separate among monetary values for: Low cost bearer ( LCC ) and Full Service Carrier ( LCC ) ; concern and leisure travel ; long-haul and short-haul travel ; and international and European long-haul travel. Consequently, to analyze the sensitiveness of the demand for air travel to its monetary value, separate estimations of the own-price snap of demand are gathered for each of these two distinct markets. 3.1. Price Elasticity of Demand Price Elasticity of Demand is a numerical value which describes the grade of reactivity of demand to alterations in monetary values . ( Andrew, D. 1988: 260 ) The demand for a peculiar good or service depends on a assortment of factors. Key influences include the gustatory sensations of consumers, the degrees of consumer income, the monetary value and quality of the merchandise in inquiry and the monetary values of other goods, particularly goods that are close replacements. In order to obtain utile estimations of the monetary value sensitiveness of demand for a merchandise, research workers must carefully command for all the factors impacting the demand. As a general regulation, one time other influences on demand stay unchanged, a higher monetary value for a merchandise leads in a lower measure demanded. However, the monetary value reactivity of demand varies from one good to another and from one market to another. Since the handiness of alternate manners of transit that are moderately close replacements for air conveyance diminishes with distance travelled, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance will be less elastic for longer flights typical illustration of British air passages with is a Full service Carrier than for shorter flights typical illustration of Ryan air. Further, international travel tends to be spread over more clip than domestic travel, so that the airfare is a smaller proportion of overall trip costs, which makes international travel less sensitive to alterations in ticket monetary values. In add-on, leisure travelers are more likely to prorogue trips to specific locations in response to higher menus, or to shop around for those locations offering more low-cost menus. Consequently, it is expected that the demand for air conveyance for leisure grounds will be more elastic than concern travel. Harmonizing to Anthony et Al ( 2000 ) Ryan air monetary values direction is consistently offering different monetary values to different client sections in response to demand whereas ( Kimes, 1989 ) suggests that the squad in charge of output direction demand to place how alterations in monetary value will impact their clients. Within the air hose industries client demand may be higher on hebdomad terminals, during Summer months, or at peculiar times of a twenty-four hours, ( Belobaba, 1987 ) . Directors must be able to calculate time-related demand so that they can do effectual pricing and allotment determination to pull off the shoulder periods about high demand period. However the corporate concern traveler during the hebdomad becomes a leisure traveler when on vacation or at week-ends. Different juncture find the same consumer holding different outlook and demands, ( Buttle, 1986 ) . Such a construct is termed snap of demand. Harmonizing to the Data downloaded from Ryan air website giving on page two of the assignment topic the monetary value of the flight on the twenty-four hours it been downloaded is far more higher than the monetary value of the flight on other following yearss of the hebdomad twenty-four hours. But when nearing the terminal of the week-end or school vacation, there is a immense demand and the increased demand drives the monetary value up once more as client are returning from their holiday or household are traveling on vacation. The low cost air hoses such as Ryan air follow the pricing scheme outlined above. Customers booking early with bearers such as Ryan air will usually come across lower monetary values if they are ready to perpetrate themselves to a flight by booking early. This gives the air hose the asset of meaningful how full their flights are likely to be and a beginning of cash-flow in the hebdomads and months prior to the service being provided. Closer to the day of the m onth and clip of the scheduled service, the monetary value rises, on the simple justification that consumer s demand for a flight becomes more inelastic the nearer to the clip of the service. Peoples who book tardily frequently regard travel to their planned finish as a demand and they are hence likely to be prepared and able to pay a much higher monetary value really near to going. Airlines call this monetary value favoritism output direction but despite the consider name, at the bosom of this pricing scheme is the straightforward but of import construct monetary value snap of demand. The air hoses have become Masterss at monetary value favoritism as a agency of maximizing gross from riders going on the flight webs. Other conveyance concerns do the same! Ryanair has a place pricing policy that causes menus to lift as a flight fills up. Following theory of supply and demand, if client wants a place so severely, they will pay more for it than otherwise. 3.2. Income Elasticity of Demand It is defined as numerical values which describe the reactivity of demand to a alteration in consumer incomes. ( John, S. 2005 ) Because of the recession, demand for low cost flights grew quickly as household with higher income who were going with full service bearer before would prefer low cost than traditional air hoses and some current low cost client with low income may prefer domestic flight or would merely prefer non to go by air. However, since snap is mensurating proportionate alteration, snap values will alter along about all demand maps, including additive demand curves. Appraisal of snap values is hence most utile for foretelling demand responses in the locality of the ascertained monetary value alterations. As a related issue, researcher demand to acknowledge that in markets where monetary value favoritism is possible sum informations will non let for accurate anticipations of demand responses in the relevant market sections. In air travel, flights by a bearer are basically joint merchandises dwelling of differentiated service packages that are identified by menu categories. However the output direction systems employed by full-service bearers ( FSCs ) besides create a complex signifier of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism, in which some menus ( typically economic system category ) diminution and some addition ( typically full-fare concern category ) as the going day of the month draws nearer. Thi s implies that ideally, empirical surveies of air travel demand should divide concern and leisure travelers or at least be able to include some information on booking times in order to account for this monetary value favoritism, and that monetary value informations should be calibrated for inter-temporal monetary value favoritism: for illustration, the usage of full-fare economic system category ticket monetary values as informations will overrate the absolute value of the monetary value snap coefficient. Within the set of differentiated service packages that comprise each ( joint merchandise ) flight, the comparative monetary values are of import in explicating the comparative easiness of permutation between service categories. Given the nature of inter-temporal monetary value favoritism for flights, the comparative monetary value could besides alter significantly in the clip period prior to a going clip. In peculiar alterations in existent income and the monetary values of replacements or complements will impact demand. Alternate transit manners ( route and rail ) are of import variables for short-haul flights, while income effects should be measured for both short and long-haul. Oum et Al. ( 1992 ) provide valuable tools that occur when measuring the demand theoretical accounts. Air travel demand can be affected by alterations in the monetary values and service quality of other manners. For short-haul paths ( markets ) the comparative monetary value and service properties of car and train would necessitate to be included in any theoretical account ; peculiarly for short-haul markets such as low cost air hose. Failure to include the monetary value and service properties of replacements will bias the snap. For illustration, if airfares addition and car costs are besides increasing, the airfare snap would be overestimated if car costs were excluded. The entry of low cost bearers leads to take down menus for a subset of traffic and rivals will offer a supply of seats to fit these menus. Lower mean menus should take to lower demand snap estimations, while additions in the figure of rivals in the market will take to higher demand snap estimations. One should non confound low cost bearers with a looking deficiency of working monopoly power. High monetary values or menus are non synonymous with monopoly and low menus with competition. Airlines like Ryanair where they are the exclusive air hose functioning the market may still move as a monopolizer but charge low ( Er ) fares. Net income maximizing monopolizers monetary value where fringy cost peers fringy gross, if fringy cost is low, one should anticipate to see lower menus but still fringy cost and gross are equalized. Monopolists are by and large viewed as being high monetary value because they are high cost and the high costs are attributable to some grade from a deficiency of competitory subject in the market. Full service bearers runing with hub-and-spoke systems have a high cost concern theoretical account while low cost bearers have a low cost concern theoretical account. How low cost bearers such as Ryan air able to accomplish cost nest eggs? Fixed Costs and Variable Costss. Ryan air s concern theoretical account is focus around its general low cost doctrine. That is Ryan air efforts to cut all non value adding activities as it strives to drive costs down to the absolute lower limit. Below are typical illustrations how it drives its downwards which include selling straight to its client over the cyberspace or over the phone instead than via agents and jobbers, therefore salvaging committee cost and administrative cost. Ryan air is a ticketless as most of it client bargain over the cyberspace, in return for a engagement mention that is exchanged at the checking counter at the airdrome for a embarkation base on balls. The air hose has no in flight repasts which is a cost economy step that can non be much incommodiousness to its client since all Ryan air flights are short draw. Nevertheless has subcontracted catering services on its flights where client can purchase an in flight repast and drink should they wish which is another manner of impulsive monetary value. Cabin crew double up as cleansing agent and this helps Ryan air to assure a turnaround clip at any airdrome of 30 min instead than 45-60 min that has FSC s been the norm. Another cost film editing device, is the typical illustration is the UK smaller airdromes such as London Luton, cheaper to wing to from than bigger airdromes such as Heathrow which it is use at least as its base as they are less congestion and facilitate turnaround times for aircraft to be a batch shorter. 4.1. Fixed Costss Fixed Costss are defined as the Sum costs that do non change with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005:82 ) Ryan air as a LCC operate in the environment of high fixed cost, fixed capacity in the short term, a perishable merchandise and seasonal demand. Virtually all of air hose s costs can be considered fixed. The cost of the capital tied up in the plane, the fuel it take to wing the path, the crew it will take to staff the land and flight operations insurance, rent, etcaˆÂ ¦ All these cost are fixed once the company decides to wing a peculiar path and the variable costs associated with functioning another rider on the flight are figure lively peanuts. Ryan air generates sufficient gross through accessory services such as auto leases, adjustment, currency, travel insurance, minutess, refreshments, to cover variable costs and countervail at least some fixed cost. Management believes that supplying these services through the cyberspace allows Ryan air to increase gross revenues, while at the same clip cut downing costs on a per unit footing. 4.2 Variable Costss Variable Costss are defined as the sum costs that do vary with the sum of end product produced ( John, S. 2005: 82 ) The comparatively low variable costs associated with many capacity- constrained Ryan air allow for some pricing flexibleness and give operators the options of cut downing pricing during low demand times. Ryan air ever seeks for low variable costs. Below are factors that aid Ryanair to keep a low variable cost: One type of aircraft, direction believes that its scheme of restricting its fleet chiefly to three discrepancies of a individual type of aircraft from a individual maker enables it to restrict the costs associated with forces developing, care and the purchase and storage of trim parts, every bit good as affording greater flexibleness in the programming of crews and equipment. Pricing is based purely upon gross maximization procedure that matches the purposes and aims of monetary values snap of demand Internet booking which cut paper and administrative costs No airdrome gross revenues offices/ no cancellations Charging a excess for inordinate luggage Maximization of place capacity per plane Use of less expensive airdrome as Ryan air been offered inducements is a controversial 1 Ryan air manager of communications. Ryan air further enterprise to cut down its airdrome charges by choosing, when operable, for less expensive gate locations every bit good as out-of-door get oning stepss instead than more expensive jet ways. Ryan air has entered into in understandings on competitory footings with 3rd party contractors at certain airdromes for traveler and aircraft handling, fining and other services that direction believes can be more cost resourcefully provided by 3rd parties. Management efforts to obtain competitory rates for such services by negociating multi-year contracts at monetary values that are fixed or capable merely to periodic additions related to rising prices. One of the typical illustration is the monetary value of air power fuel which is straight related to the cost of oil but Ryan air control this through hedge. All these factors listed supra contributed to a low variable cost of Ryan air, a cardinal constituent in any successful output direction system and supply an chance for purchase against its major rivals. Critical analysis of the issues involved in the undermentioned article: BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim project Decision

Jfk Descriptive Essay Essays

Jfk Descriptive Essay Essays Jfk Descriptive Essay Essay Jfk Descriptive Essay Essay It was a beautiful morning in Texas, the skies were blue, and there no clouds in sight. Parents and children were gathered along side the road to see the thrilling sight that was about to pass right before their eyes. Nobody at the parade that day could have been happier, as they watched their nation’s leader slowly drive past them in a large motorcade. My wife had just turned around to tell the president how much Texas loved him, when a shot rang out that changed our nation forever. The first forty-five minutes of the parade couldn’t have gone any smoother. Children and adults alike filled the air with their laughter and shouts of joy, while birds flew overhead and perched themselves in trees, while singing their songs. The president had just went out and bought a whole new outfit for the Texas parade. His hair was slicked back and he was looking like a million bucks. The president and his wife couldn’t of looked any happier together as they drove down main street in Houston with the Governor and his wife. The low, growl of the Harley-Davidson’s engines drowned out all of its surrounding sounds as it passed by. Little did we know, this would all change in a blink of an eye. After passing a large, brick library on the left, a loud crack filled the air; the president slumped over in his seat. The birds stopped singing and scattered every which way; the laughter had turned to bone chilling shrills. The Harley’s engines went from low growls to loud roars as they floored it to get to the hospital. The police sirens soon took over all the noises as they rushed the president to the hospital. With the convertible down and the wind filling our ears, all we could do is pray as Mr. Kennedy lay there helpless with a gunshot wound to his head. With sirens screaming everywhere, the doctors rushed out to the car with the stretcher ready to go; and then loaded Mr. Kennedy onto it. He was immediately taken into surgery to fix his gunshot wound. The world seemed to be holding it’s breathe to hear the news as the doctors emerged from the operating room. When the news came out that the president wasn’t going to make it, it felt like the whole country had fallen to its knees and stopped everything. No one knew what to do; the vice president stepped in and tried to reassure everyone but nobody could listen; their hero had died that day along with their spirits.

Economics of exchange rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of exchange rates - Essay Example Operating under such a business scenario is too risky for any business. This is because, regardless of how much sales a business makes, and regardless of how much a business tries to minimize its costs and expenditures, it will always find itself on the receiving end, where its performance is not dependent on its efficiency or effectiveness but rather on the behavior of the foreign exchange markets (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, p. 83). XJP receives virtually all its supplies directly from J&J Ltd, which, in turn, invoices all the costs and expenditures in Euros. On the contrary, XJP makes its sales in Chinese Renminbi. Therefore, it has to convert the income made from the sales from the Chinese currency into the Euros so that it can submit its payment to J&J Ltd. This means that the amount XJP pays to J&J is not solely dependent on the value of the supplies it receives from this company, but also on the rate at which the Chinese currency exchanges for the Euro.... However, if the foreign currency gains over the local currency, XJP will be forced to pay the cost of supplies at higher costs. This will in turn reduce its profit margin (Moffett, Stonehill & Eiteman, 2008, p. 254). Therefore, system through which XJP and J&J structure and manage their currency exposure is not suitable for the business, since it influences their performance and growth negatively. This is because, even when they apply suitable strategies to grow their business and increase their profitability, it is not possible to achieve their targets, since the target will always depend on the exchange rates (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, p. 90). Therefore, the most suitable way for them to structure their business is employ a system that allows XJP to purchase and pay for its supplies using the local currency. This will serve to remove the uncertainty involved in the operation of the foreign currency markets, making it possible for the business to Strategize on improving its profitabilit y and consequently achieving the desired growth (Coyle, 2000, p. 41). Case Question 2: The situation in which XJP finds itself is very different from that of other foreign subsidiaries owned by J&J worldwide. This is because, while the other foreign subsidiaries are decentralized, allowing them to take responsibility of their own structure from top to bottom, the case is different for XJP. The organizational structure of XJP is characterized by a lot of control from its parent company. Thus, XJP is not capable for planning and procuring its own supplies, inclusive of the raw material, but instead depends on J&J to supply it accordingly (Moffett, Stonehill & Eiteman, 2008, p. 255). This arrangement might be beneficial for enhancing

Equal Employment Opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equal Employment Opportunity - Essay Example 87). Diversity management is linked with growing organizational plans that value all individuals in the same way, not considering their distinctions. In controlling diversity, attempts are made by both the business as well as the persons in it to become accustomed to and acknowledge the value of diversity. Businesses can as well deal with diversity concerns in more limited techniques: (1) equal employment opportunity and (2) affirmative action. Equal employment opportunity (EEO) is a wide thought implying that persons must have equal dealing in every service associated activities. Persons who are sheltered under equal employment regulations are protected from illegitimate prejudice, which takes place as persons having identical traits are distinguished against because of that trait. Different laws have been passed to defend persons who share some particular traits, â€Å"such as race, age, or gender† (Smith, p. 102). Those having the elected traits are referred to as a seclude d group or as associates of a secluded faction. A sheltered group is made of those who come within a group recognized for defence in equal employment regulations and set of laws. Several of the sheltered groups, in the past, have been exposed to illegitimate bias. The reasons for protection that have been recognized by different centralized regulations are (1) cast, cultural basis, colour and creed (2) sexual characteristics (3) age bracket (4) persons with physical or psychological inabilities (5) armed forces experience and (6) religious conviction. For example, consider a company that is trying to be suitable for EEO policy has comparatively a small number of Hispanic executives. To raise the number of Hispanics, the company will employ and interview Hispanics who have minimum required credentials for the administration posts. What the company is offering is equal employment opportunity for competent persons to be considered for service. To remedy regions within which it seems th at persons in sheltered groups â€Å"have not had equal employment opportunities† (Burstein, p. 183), a number of companies have extended positive action approaches. Affirmative action takes place as companies recognize trouble regions, set objectives, and take constructive strides to assure equal employment opportunities for individuals in a sheltered group. Affirmative action concentrates on appointing, guiding, and endorsing of sheltered group associates where they are underrepresented within a company with respect to their ease of use within the labour markets from which hiring takes place. At times, companies have introduced affirmative action willingly, although many times companies have been obliged to do so as they are government service providers having more than 50 workers and more than 55,000 USD in government agreements yearly. When equal employment opportunity set of laws are talked about, perhaps the most unpredictable problems concern the approach that â€Å"a ffirmative action leads to quotas, preferential selection, and reverse discrimination† (Burstein, p. 201). Integral to the disagreement is the company’s part in choosing, guiding, and endorsing sheltered group associates as they are underrepresented in different professions within a company. Individuals who are not associates of any sheltered group have stated that there is inequity in reverse. This reverse bias may

The Development Quantum Computing Essay Example for Free

The Development Quantum Computing Essay The story of computers started with the abacus invented by the Babylonians around 500 B. C. In 1614 John Napier began to develop mechanical computers such as the Babbage differential engine that could carry out one fixed problem to the accuracy of 20 decimal places using steam power. This is a picture of the left side of the Manchester Mark 1 computer, which was constructed in 1947. However, computing didnt advance until the introduction of vacuum tube powering in the early 20th century and transistors in 1947. At present computers work by manipulating bits, that can only be of discrete values of 1 or 0. In a digital computer the value of a bit is generated by the voltage on a capacitor, with a charged capacitor representing 1 and an uncharged capacitor denoting 0. According to Moores law the number of transistors in computer chips doubles every 18 months and computers have been seen to double in speed and half in size every two years, this is due to advanced lithography that allows wires and transistors contained in chips to be one hundredth of the width of a human hair These computers can carry out calculations using algorithms, a precise set of instructions used to solve a particular problem, an example of a fast or usable algorithm is addition and a slow or hard algorithm is factorisation. There a limits to present computers, that cant seem to be overcome by present technology. Hard algorithms like factorisation increase in time taken to solve exponentially when the number of digits increase, factorising a 400 digit number would take the most technologically advanced computer a billion years to perform. Computers have also reached their present size boundaries as transistors and wires cant be decreased to less than a width of an atom. (Approximately 10? 10 meters) The dawn of quantum computers In 1982 Richard Feynman began to consider the idea of quantum computers and in 1985 a revolutionary paper was published by David Deutsch of Oxford university, describing a universal quantum computer, however a use for quantum computers couldnt be found, until 1994 when Peter Shor from ATTs Bells laboratories devised a quantum algorithm that could theoretically perform efficient factorisation, creating a killer application for quantum computers for their great potential to break complex codes, for example electronic bank accounts, which gain their security from the present difficulty in factorising large numbers. What a Quantum computer can do for you In order to continue the advance in computing a new type of technology needed to be exploited. According to quantum physics a subatomic particle cant be said to exist, there are only probabilities of its existence and position until its definite state and position is discovered, then its probabilities collapse. Quantum physics breaks down the classically binary nature of a bit, with the invention of a quantum bit or qubit that can exist in coherent superposition, i. e. as a 0, 1 or simultaneously as a 1 and 0, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability of each state. The qubit is represented by the nuclear spins of each individual atom, for example the change in energy state. When you perform a calculation using an electron existing in both states you are performing two calculations, when another superposed qubit is added four calculations can be performed at once and so on. This exponential increase means that the time taken to carry out calculations rapidly decreases. The time to carry out calculations also decreases as atoms change energy states far quicker than even the fastest computer processors. With only a few hundred qubits it is possible to represent more numbers than there are atoms in our universe. It also increases storage capacity exponentially, as N qubits can store 2 numbers at once. Imagine the qubits are atoms whose different electronic states can be controlled by a tuned laser; this will change their state allowing in only one computational step a calculation to be performed on 2 different input numbers encoded in coherent superpositions of N qubits. The actual space a quantum computer will take up will be significantly smaller than present day desk tops, allowing the further development of sophisticated, efficient palm held computers. This is because given the right calculation each qubit can take the place of an entire processor, meaning that 100 barium ions could take the place of 100 computer processors. Aside from computers quantum technology has developed rapidly in the last ten years. In June 2002 a team of Australian scientist were able to teleport a laser beam, causing it to disappear and be regenerated 3 ft away, the results are yet to be confirmed but if they are sound this development could in a matter of years be able to teleport actual objects significant distances. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance After Shors discovery quantum computing construction began in earnest, however due to the phenomena of decoherence no atom or photon, being the qubit, can be of an undetermined state after being detected, the probabilities collapse and its state becomes definite. This makes further calculations impossible as the exponential element of the qubit has been lost, causing it to behave as a regular analogous bit. In order to keep the coherence of the qubit the inner workings of a quantum computer must be separate from the outside environment to stop any interactions that may determine the state of the qubit from occurring, but also be accessible so that calculations can be carried out and results obtained. A solution was Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) a technique developed in the 1940s, which is widely used in medical imagery and chemistry. Experiments were carried out, during the mid 1990s and it was found using a classical fluid made of many (1023) selected molecules allowed each qubit to be represented by many molecules allowing interactions to take place between some of the molecules but still maintaining the coherence of the qubit. NMR treats the spins of qubits as tiny bar magnets that will line up when a magnetic field is applied, allowing manipulation of the qubits. Two alternative alignments are generated one parallel to the external field and one anti-parallel to the field, corresponding to two different quantum states. NMR procedures also use an oscillating electromagnetic field, which is specially selected according to the properties of the molecules used. This causes certain spins in the liquid to be rotated, causing them to perform the different calculations required. Example Hydrogen nuclei placed in a magnetic field of 10 tesla, change orientation at a frequency of 400 megahertz (radio frequency) Due to decoherence the pulse is only turned on for a few millionths of a second but can cause the spins to rotate by 180 degrees, a pulse half that length causes a 90 degree spin. This causes the spins to be of state 1 or 0 with equal probability. This causes the spin to rotate about the magnetic field, as shown in the image on the right. This rotation emits a weak radio signal, which is picked up by the NMR apparatus.

Drugs, Athletes, and Sports - Androstenedione :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Androstenedione: Just Say No Imagine rounding the bases after hitting your 70th home run and setting a new major league record. Slapping your teammatesí hands, you hear cheers progress throughout the sold out stadium. As you acknowledge the crowd further, you hear booing also coming from the standing crowd. Why are they booing? You just set a record! Then you see a small boy pointing at you and yelling. You watch closely and see the word, â€Å"Andro† form on his lips. Androstenedione, known as "andro", is made of a naturally occurring hormone of the body, which is used naturally in tiny amounts to make the male hormone testosterone. It is found in humans, animals and the pollen of many plants. Andro is produced in the gonads and adrenal glands of all mammals. It is said to help speed up the recovery of injuries along with bodybuilding and weight training to increase muscle mass. The androgens are the male sex steroids. When andro is taken it can convert the female sex steroid, estrogen into testosterone. Testosterone increases body and facial hair, acne, deepens the voice, enhances prostate growth, and promotes muscular growth. Blood levels of testosterone start rising about 15 minutes and peak about an hour after oral consumption of androstenedione. When users take too much, androgen shuts off the bodyís own making of testosterone, which can damage normal testicular function (Quinn). When athletes take androstenedione, it gives them an unfair advantage over other athletes. No one will ever know if Mark McGwire or any other athletes could have done their achievements without taking andro. "The International Olympics Committee, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, and in the Men and Women's Tennis Tours banned androstenedione due to the fact that it is unsafe and gives an unfair advantage" (Totheroh). It is still legal, though, in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. If it is going to be banned in some sports, it should be banned in all. Since there are many different opinions of the committees, it is obvious that athletes are confused and are pushing the limits of performance improvements. People think that if androstenedione is not illegal then anyone should be allowed to take it. Mark McGwire used androstenedione and he set a world record. So is it safe to use? Should a high school athlete use it? Drugs, Athletes, and Sports - Androstenedione :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics Androstenedione: Just Say No Imagine rounding the bases after hitting your 70th home run and setting a new major league record. Slapping your teammatesí hands, you hear cheers progress throughout the sold out stadium. As you acknowledge the crowd further, you hear booing also coming from the standing crowd. Why are they booing? You just set a record! Then you see a small boy pointing at you and yelling. You watch closely and see the word, â€Å"Andro† form on his lips. Androstenedione, known as "andro", is made of a naturally occurring hormone of the body, which is used naturally in tiny amounts to make the male hormone testosterone. It is found in humans, animals and the pollen of many plants. Andro is produced in the gonads and adrenal glands of all mammals. It is said to help speed up the recovery of injuries along with bodybuilding and weight training to increase muscle mass. The androgens are the male sex steroids. When andro is taken it can convert the female sex steroid, estrogen into testosterone. Testosterone increases body and facial hair, acne, deepens the voice, enhances prostate growth, and promotes muscular growth. Blood levels of testosterone start rising about 15 minutes and peak about an hour after oral consumption of androstenedione. When users take too much, androgen shuts off the bodyís own making of testosterone, which can damage normal testicular function (Quinn). When athletes take androstenedione, it gives them an unfair advantage over other athletes. No one will ever know if Mark McGwire or any other athletes could have done their achievements without taking andro. "The International Olympics Committee, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association, and in the Men and Women's Tennis Tours banned androstenedione due to the fact that it is unsafe and gives an unfair advantage" (Totheroh). It is still legal, though, in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. If it is going to be banned in some sports, it should be banned in all. Since there are many different opinions of the committees, it is obvious that athletes are confused and are pushing the limits of performance improvements. People think that if androstenedione is not illegal then anyone should be allowed to take it. Mark McGwire used androstenedione and he set a world record. So is it safe to use? Should a high school athlete use it?

Counseling Self-Awareness

Funnily enough, doctors seem to be difficult patients. Some of them know that smoking is dangerous to their health yet they smoke nonetheless. The same is true with counselors. They seem to understand a lot of the problems of their patients and the people who ask advice from them. Yet, when it comes to their own issues and their own problems, they do not seem to be effective in following the very same advice that they would give to their clients if asked about the same problem. Counselors also have their own issues and their own personal problems. It may be some baggage from the past or some unresolved personal issues.Some of these issues may interfere with the way that counselors do their job. It would be very important therefore for counselors to be aware of themselves and their own issues if they were to become effective in dealing with themselves and their own issues so that they can prevent these issues from affecting their views on the issues being presented by their clients. P ersonal Assessment: Strengths I have my own strengths and my weaknesses. I recognize the importance of identifying these so that I can effectively deal with my clients and the advice and resolution that I can provide my clients would be effective.Objectivity in any situation is difficult to achieve most of the time. Emotions can cloud up the situation as well as the vested interests and even monetary considerations of people. Setting aside some of these considerations is a practice I have achieved over the past few years of training and practicing as a counselor. Even when I was a child, I already displayed a certain level of objectivity in my dealings with my playmates and my family. Objectivity, no matter what postmodernists and other critics may claim, is achievable up to a certain degree, although it cannot be done completely. I consider this as one of my strengths as a counselor.In the course of my counseling practice, I would encounter people with different lifestyle choices a nd different views from those that I espouse. If I allow myself to be affected by such views I would not be an effective counselor. Yet, if I am able to practice objectivity, I can analyze my clients’ situation and predicaments from their own points of view and try to present solutions that are workable and acceptable to my clients. Another strength that I have when it comes to dealing with the counseling profession is my ability to separate my own principles and my own views from that of my clients.I know that I am not able to accomplish this perfectly yet I can set aside my prejudices and my biases. In this regard, I sometimes feel like a priest behind the confessional, unable to see the counselee but can hear him or her perfectly and deal with the issues at hand. Although different schools of thought may differ in their views regarding empathizing and showing excessive emotions to counselees, I can also keep a very tight rein with my emotions if needed. Likewise, I can als o show emotions sympathizing with the client if I feel that this is needed by the client.I am careful, however, in dealing with persons from the opposite sex, especially in regards to emotions because of the awkward situations that it may engender. As a counselor, I want to avoid complications as it would be very difficult to be involved in such cases. When dealing with the opposite sex, I have created a set of rules for myself, which have helped me in my practice and in avoiding difficult situations that are difficult to get away from. Such set of rules is therefore very important for me and I consider this as my strength. Personal Assessment: My WeaknessesThere are some disappointments that I think I haven’t gotten over yet. When I was younger, I wanted to become a medical doctor and study at John Hopkins. However, due to financial constraints and some complications in my own academic performance, I did not manage to achieve this. Yet, I have completed the requirements of P sychology and became a counselor instead. When I look back at this dream, I still remember the regret and the disappointment I had when I discovered that I did not make it to John Hopkins. The disappointment has faded yet the pangs of regret and pain are still there.It seems that I also need to spend some time in order to finally get over this. In addition to this, I also have some baggage because of my relationship with my dad. I was not really close to my dad when I was growing up. He was conservative and too much of a disciplinarian for me to be close to him. As such, when I was younger, I both loved him and hated him at the same time. During the times that I felt that I hated him, I also felt guilty because I knew that I should not be feeling that way because he is my dad. Yet, I could not help it.The feelings were intense. Deep inside my heart, the anger developed because of what looked to me like neglect and his improper treatment of me and my mom. Surprisingly though, my youn ger sibling got a better kind of treatment from him. It seems he changed later in life. The anger and the pain, however, were etched deep within me and I might also need some time in order to sort through my emotions and deal with them. Thankfully, during the times that I talked with my mother, we managed to discuss our negative emotions and somehow managed to forgive my dad.It comes as no surprise though that I also have some unmet needs. In order for me to deal with these unmet needs, I usually write or if I could not write, I call my best friend and talk about my issues. My friend has been very faithful in listening to me. Although he is not a professional counselor as I am, he is nonetheless showing me some of the principles that I follow. When I am faced with my own problems I tend to scribble notes and brainstorm on paper the best course of action that I have to take.Sometimes, I do this with my clients and some of them have been taken aback when they saw me doing it. So I hav e had to restrain myself on several occasions on doing such. When I can no longer restrain myself though, I ask my client if it is okay to take down notes and scribble on my paper while he or she is talking. I have also received varied response to this. I tend to follow the same process in dealing with the problems of other people. That is why, I always have a handy notebook to help me deal with different problems. ConclusionIn my meetings with my counselees, I could not help but learn from them too. Whenever I listen to problems and discover that such problems echo my own, I tend to keep a check on myself and avoid dwelling on my own problems. If I do, I might get lost with my client’s own problem and that would create a problem with me. Thus, I tend to check myself every now and then. I have also written a note to myself in my own notebook to constantly remind me of the need to focus on my clients’ problems. Whenever I enter my office, I enter the professional sphere and I leave my personal issues behind.

With which client would I have the most difficulty working?

According to my beliefs the negative member is the most difficult to handle. According to Jacobs, Masson and Harvill the negative client is one who has a tendency to find problems with everything. A negative client is capable of transforming a group session into a gripe session. (Jacobs, Masson and Harvill, 2006) A negative client causes a negative influence on the group as a whole and is capable of instigating a feeling of discontent among other group members. Presence of one or more negative client in a group may lead to lowering of the groups morale.How would I handle a negative client in a group? My reactions against unreasonable demands of a negative client would probably be instinctive. I would resort to direct confrontation with the negative client, although this would not be the ideal course of action since Jacobs, Masson and Harvill have recommended that group leaders should refrain from direct confrontation because it only leads to time consuming arguments between the leade r and a negative client. How would Jacobs, Masson and Harvill have handled a negative client?Jacobs, Masson and Harvill suggest three alternative courses of action which will enable the leader to effectively handle a negative client. The first course of action is to talk to the negative client outside the group and try determining the reason for his unacceptable behavior. In most cases negative clients suffer from lack of attention and the problem can be solved if they are offered an important role. The second option as suggested by Jacobs, Masson and Harvill involves identifying the positive members of the group (ie those members who are contented with the group).By talking to the positive members in a group a leader can motivate those members who have been influenced by the negative client. The third option calls for de motivating and isolating a negative client. This goal can be achieved if the group leader avoids making an eye contact with the negative client while addressing th e group as a whole. Incase neither of the 3 courses of action are successful in improving the negative client, Jacobs, Masson and Harvill suggest that asking the negative client to leave is only option that the leader is left with. If there are any members in my group who have taken up the role of a negative client?What effect has it had on the group? I have encountered negative clients in my group; such group members cause a lot of problem. They create a wide spread feeling of discontent among the group which leads to fragmentation of the group. The group gets subdivided into two sections one of which harbors feeling of negativity and discontent and the other section comprises of positive members who are satisfied with the current state of affairs. Fragmentation of a group results in loss of productivity. Therefore it is important to prevent the group member from acquiring negative tendencies.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome essays

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome essays While viewing an episode of forensic files on Court TV February 2004, I was inspired to do my research paper on Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). As I watched, an eleven-year-old boy was suffering from a severe outbreak of HUS. I watched in disbelief as this childs body shut down one system after another. He had severe vomiting and diarrhea that his mother tried to home remedy with Pepto-Bismol and Imodium. After several days when blood was present in the diarrhea and his fever became dangerously high he was hospitalized. The boy quickly slipped into a coma and his respiratory collapsed causing him to be put on a ventilator. Soon fluid started to build around his heart which threatened his life and he had to undergo emergency surgery. Severe seizures shook his tiny body on several occasions. His kidneys shut down and he had to be put on dialysis, then fluid built up around his heart again and another emergency surgery was needed to remove the fluid. Tests ordered by the doct or were to no avail and the doctor did not know the cause of the problems. Then the boy started to recover, but from what no one knew. As he became coherent and was able to talk he told his parents of some raw hamburger he accidentally ate during his camping trip. The parents brought the boy some fast food and as he sipped from his drink he suffered severe stomach pain and had another seizure and slipped back into the coma. The parents told the doctor of the raw hamburger meat and tests revealed the boy was suffering from HUS. The mothers attempt to home remedy the diarrhea and vomiting had caused the bacteria E-Coli (OH157:h7) to multiple in the intestines severely. Blood transfusions were not helping, and the parents soon sought outside help. They found a doctor that had been working with plasma transfusions and it was working in patients with severe HUS. After getting permission from the hospital the doctor brought his equipment and ...

Inspirational High School Graduation Quotations

Inspirational High School Graduation Quotations Most of us would agree that the days we spent in high school were certainly the best days of our lives. It was in school that we made our first friends, competed to excel, hoped for places in the sports teams, and learned our first lessons about life. Memories come flooding back when you read each high school graduation quote on this page. If you want to wish your friends on their graduation day, you can make a special greeting with one of these high school graduation quotes. Graduation Quotations AnonymousYour schooling may be over, but remember that your education still continues.Isabel WaxmanIt is indeed ironic that we spend our school days yearning to graduate and our remaining days waxing nostalgic about our school days.Ralph Waldo EmersonThe things taught in schools and colleges are not an education, but the means of education.Martha ReevesThe morning after my high-school graduation found me up early job hunting. The dream of college I put on the back burner.Henry FordYou cant learn in school what the world is going to do next year.Author UnknownEmotions, drama, broken hearts, and liesAnd they say these were the best days of our lives?Richard BachDont be dismayed at goodbyes. A farewell is necessary before you can meet again. And meeting again, after moments or lifetime, is certain for those who are friends.Johann Wolfgang von GoetheDream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men.Andy McIntyreIf you think education is expensive, try ignorance!

Brownfield and Redevelopment in China Research Paper

Brownfield and Redevelopment in China - Research Paper Example Environmental Protection Agency). It is further defined as† a parcel of land contaminated by one or more hazardous substances, but has potential to be reused once it is cleaned up† (China Development Gateway, 14 January 2011) . In the past several years, hundreds of polluting enterprises have been relocated away from city centers in Beijing, Shenyang, Guangzhou and other large Chinese cities. As a result, a large number of abandoned industrial brownfield sites can potentially be "recycled" for contemporary urban use, appropriate to the safe levels achieved after the clean-up. These could be anywhere from abandoned factories or manufacturing plants, factories or gas stations where substances were once used. The Brownfield become an obstacle for city expansion. Aside from this, Brownfield causes environmental risks due to possible pollutants that may still be present, yet redevelopment of these sites will contribute to urban development, create jobs, and develops green spac es and working land. Seeing the importance of these properties for development, China had to ask the World Bank for assistance in developing a sustainable program of development for these areas. As an insight, the history of the problem will be presented, the types of hazardous elements and contaminants found in abandoned areas will be categorized, the actions taken by the government is shown, and the recommended solutions formulated by World Bank is presented. Brownfields started in the Great Leap Forward era of 1950s wherein many of the state-owned factories were constructed within the city perimeter. (Zhang Xian, January 22. 2011) Reports said that these factories used antiquated equipments and had improper management and inadequate environmental services. As such, there was much pollution in the area, and in some instances pollution was 100 times higher than regulations permit. Report said that some underground organic pollutants have developed into non-aqueous phase liquids, wh ich, if not dissolved in water, can be a source of new pollutants. It is also feared that contaminants can transfer in the underground water, thus leading to a widespread distribution of poison. Four types of contaminants were found in the Industrial brownfield areas, and these are: Heavy contaminated sites. These come from steel, iron and smelting plants, ore tailings . Heavy metal contaminated sites. Typical contaminants are arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, and chrome. Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) contaminated sites. China produces, and widely uses, pesticides such as DDT, HCB, Chlordane and Mirex. Although certain pesticides haven’t been used for many years, some remain in the soil. New pesticide-contaminated sites continue to be discovered in China, in addition to other types of POP contaminated sites, such as PCB capacitor dismantling and burial sites. Organic contaminated sites such as petrochemical, coking etc. Substances include organic solvents, benzene and hyd rocarbons, often mixed with other contaminants such as heavy metals. Electronic waste sites. Incorrect disposal of electronic waste can affect human health. The main contaminants are heavy metals and POPs (bromination flame retardants and dioxin). Source: Xie, Jian and Li Fasheng, 2011 In the past, there was little attention given to Brownfield areas and its harmful effects because of

How Can Training And Development Enhance Employee Performance In An Essay

How Can Training And Development Enhance Employee Performance In An Organization - Essay Example It subscribes to the notion that phenomena and knowledge are â€Å"truths† only if they can be confirmed by the human senses, through deduction and induction methods. Express differently, the major distinctions between these types of knowledge claims are: whilst the goal of postpositivism is determinative for the purpose of verifying an a priori theory, constructivism seeks to understand for the purpose of generating theory; whilst postpositivism tends to reduce all data gathered into a single â€Å"truth,† constructivism ascribes varied meaning as warranted, and; whilst postpositivism employs empirical observation and measurement, constructivism uses social and historical construction (Creswell 2003 6). A scrutiny of the present research question reveals that it essentially requires a constructivist approach of learning because it calls for the researcher to seek an understanding of the effect of certain conditions, i.e. training and development, to the quality of work of employees. At this point, no theory is yet established or needs to be proven. The researcher goes into the research with an open, inquiring mind unfettered by any working theory, and seeks only to form a theory during the course or at the end of the research. The research question also calls for the researcher to discuss and probe into the minds of the respondents who will be engaged in the research to understand how such training and development have improved their performance in their respective work. The constructivist inquiry could be conducted best through the employment of the qualitative research approach rather than the quantitative method.