Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable disorders, also known as infectious diseases or inherited diseases, be illnesses that result from the transmittal, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of ca employ disease) biologic agents in an individual humanity or other animal host. Infections may range in severity from asymptomatic (without symptoms) to severe and fatal. The term infection does not have the same meaning as infectious disease be pay back some infections do not wee-wee illness in a host. Disease causing biologic agents include viruses, bacteria, fungi, phylum Protozoa, multi- cellphoneular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents mountain occur in a conformation of airs, including direct physical contact with an infectious someone, consuming contaminated nutriments or beverages, contact with contaminated body grippeids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, mobile (inhalation), or organism bitten by an infected insect or tick . virtually disease agents shadower be transmitted from animals to humans, and some of these agents stomach be transmitted in more than adept way.Non-Communicable DiseaseA non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among popularwealth. terbiumSigns and SymptomsA bad coughing that lasts 3 weeks or longer.Pain in the chest.Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep privileged the lungs) Weakness or fatigue.Weight loss.No appetite.Chills.Fever.CausesTuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets firing offd into the air. This mickle turn e realwhere when mortal with the un treat, active form of atomic number 65 coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is hereditary, its not easy to catch. Youre oft more likely to crush tuberculosis from someone you live with or work with than from a stranger. most p eople with active TB whove had appropriate drug treatment for at least ii weeks atomic number 18 no longer contagious. barIf you tribulation positive for latent TB infection, your doctor may advise you to bear away medications to come down your riskiness of developing active tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can veto your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you wont transmit tuberculosis to some(prenominal)one else.morbilliSigns and SymptomsA gamey temperature, sore eyes (conjunctivitis), and a runny nose unremarkably occur first. Small white spots usually develop deep down the mouth a day or so later. A rough dry cough is usual.Going off food, tiredness, and aches and painful sensations atomic number 18 usual.CausesMeasles is caused by a virus. It is spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can travel through the air. This way of life that you can get measles if you are near someone who has the virus even if that person doesnt cough or sneeze without delay on you barMeasles vaccination has markedly reduced the relative incidence of measles throughout the developed world. However, measles grimaces still occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is important even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a single imported case can result in large measles outbreaks in the prospect of waning immunity.Chicken PoxSigns and SymptomsFever (temperature), aches and headache much fail a day or so before a peak appears. Rash. Spots appear in crops. They develop into small blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops may develop over several days. Dry cough and sore throat are common.Causes chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with th e virus. Its a very contagious infection. About 90% of people who have not previously had chickenpox will become infected when they come into contact with the virus. streakThe chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox.Typhoid FeverSigns and Symptoms febricity that can reach as high as 104F (40C)feeling achy, tired, or weak.constipation.diarrhea.headache.stomach pain and loss of appetite.sore throat.CausesTyphoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. ginmillPreventing typhoid fever is to get vaccinated against the illness. Two vaccines are available a shot that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine interpreted by mouth containing a live but weakened separate out of t he bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages ( in particular when traveling in the developing world) is some other way to reduce your risk.MUMPSSigns and SymptomsFever.Headache.Muscle aches.Tiredness.Loss of appetite.Swollen and tender salivary glands low the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)CausesThe mumps are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Its spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or close conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection.PreventionUse of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella MMR or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella MMRV vaccines) is the best way to prevent mumps. Children should be addicted the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon afterwardsward their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age).HepatitisSigns and Symptomsfatigue.flu-like symptoms.dark urine.pale-colored stool.abdominal pain.loss of appetite.unexplained weigh t loss.yellow pare down and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)CausesHepatitis can be caused by liver-colored aggrieve from excessive alcohol consumption. This is sometimes referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causesinclude overuse of medication or expo accredited to poisons.Autoimmune Disease.PreventionThe hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically given in two doses initial vaccination followed by a champ shot sixsome months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals receive a hepatitis A vaccine MalariaSigns and SymptomsFever.Chills.Headache.Sweats.Fatigue.unwellness and vomiting.CausesMalaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.PreventionMalaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to saloon which stands for Awareness of ri sk rise out whether you are at risk of getting malaria. Bite prevention avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. Check whether you need to mob malaria prevention tablets if you do, make sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. diagnosis  seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a course after you return from travelling.Whooping CoughSigns and Symptomsrunny nose.sneezing.mild cough.low-grade fever.CausesWhooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the velocity respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling.PreventionPreventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now antiquated due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as infract of the 5-in-1 v accine (DTaP/IPV/Hib), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).DysenterySigns and Symptomsnausea.vomiting.abdominal pain.fever and chills.Causesbacterial infections are by far the most common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.PreventionWashing ones hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day Washing ones hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and sustenance young or elderly people Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimumlockjawSigns and SymptomsHeadache.Jaw cramping.Sudden, free tendon tightening often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.Trouble swallowing.Jerking or gaze (seizures)Fever and sweating.High blood pressure and fast heart rate.CausesTetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin that is p roduced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism.PreventionYou can easily prevent tetanus by being vaccinated against the toxin. Almost all cases of tetanus occur in people whove neer been immunized or who havent had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 years.FluSigns and SymptomsA 100oF or higher fever or feeling feverish (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat.A runny or stuffy nose.Headaches and/or body aches.Chills.Fatigue.CausesThe flu is actually very several(predicate) from a cold. While more than 100 polar viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. sheath A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. type C flu virus is more stable and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms.PreventionIf you are healthy but exposed to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The sooner you are treated with an an tiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. Antiviral drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu.Intestinal ParasiteSigns and SymptomsAbdominal pain.Diarrhea.Nausea or vomiting.Gas or bloating.Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)Rash or scabies around the rectum or vulva.Stomach pain or tenderness.CausesIntestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected bowel movement (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms.Common ColdSigns and SymptomsSore throat.Mucus buildup in your nose.Difficulty cellular respiration through your nose.Swelling of your sinuses.Sneezing.Cough.Headache.Tiredness.CausesThe common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a v iral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, impecunious congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.PreventionNo vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be caused by galore(postnominal) different viruses. But you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold virusesPneumoniaSigns and SymptomsNausea/vomiting quick breathing.Rapid heartbeat.Shaking chillsCausesBacteria-like organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.PreventionGet a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a impregnable way to prevent pneumonia Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at high risk of getting this type of pneumonia.HypertensionSigns and SymptomsCausesA slash is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain because a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a brain attack.PreventionA heart-healthy lifestyle can help you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age.AnemiaSigns and SymptomsFatigue. nauseous skin.A fast or irregular heartbeat.Shortness of breath.Chest pain.Dizziness.cognitive problems.Cold hands and feet.CausesIron lack anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element iron in your body. Vitamin deficiency anemias. Anemia of chronic disease. Aplastic anemia. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.PreventionMany types of anemia cant be prevented. However, you can help avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrientsAsthmaSigns a nd SymptomsFrequent cough, especially at night.Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath.Feeling very tired or weak when exercising.Wheezing or coughing after exercise.Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody.Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter.CausesAsthma triggers are different from person to person and can include Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold.Physical activity (exercise-induced bronchial asthma)Cold air.Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.PreventionYou need to know how to prevent or minimize future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is highly important.MigraineSigns and Symptomsa headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.pulsating or throbbing pain, often just o n one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when youre active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting.increased sensitivity to light and noise.Causeshormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in many women with known migraines. sustenances. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Food additives. Drinks. Stress. Sensory stimuli. Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Physical factors.PreventionNot all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.CardiovascularSigns and SymptomsChest pain (angina)Shortness of breath.Pain, numbness, impuissance or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those move of your body are narrowed.CausesAtherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and its often caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being grievous and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.